Background:The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic changes of tear film optical quality in a short tear break-up time (TBUT) dry eye by using a double-pass system.Methods:Thirty-five short TBUT dry eye participants and 43 control subjects without dry eye were included in this study. One eye for each subject was analyzed. The Objective Scatter Index (OSI), modulation transfer function (MTF), and strehl ratio (SR) were recorded within a 20-second period with the participants asked to blink freely, and 10 successive seconds of nonblinking immediately after a blink was recorded to analyze the tear film OSI. The mean tear film OSI in 10 successive seconds, ΔOSI, and ΔOSI/time were evaluated. The correlation between tear film OSI and MTF, and the correlation between tear film OSI and MIT were also analysed.Results:Short TBUT dry eye participants showed significant deterioration of MTF and SR compared to control subjects. The mean tear film OSI in 10 successive seconds was significantly higher in dry eye participants than in control subjects. The mean OSI of the tear film (0–5 seconds) and the mean OSI of the tear film (6–10 seconds) were significantly higher in dry eye participants than in control participants. Moreover, the ΔOSI was significantly higher in dry eye participants than in control participants. The tear film OSI was significantly correlated with the MTF and the SR.Conclusions:The tear film OSI of short TBUT dry eye participants is significantly increased in the early stage. Tear film instability in short TBUT dry eye participants has a significant effect on optical quality.

Pituitary tumors commonly cause visual impairment and the degree of impairment can depend on the size, location, and type of the tumor. However, no studies have been made regarding the differences caused by functioning pituitary adenoma (FPA) and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA). We aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical characteristics and visual impairment in patients with FPA and NFPA. This case series study included 73 pituitary adenoma patients. All patients underwent ophthalmic evaluations, and we retrospectively reviewed their medical records. Tumor types were confirmed by histological analysis, and the tumor volume was calculated. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the tumor diameter. The observation indices of the two groups were compared. The correlation between the visual field and tumor volume was analysed using scatter plots. We enrolled 30 patients in the FPA group and 43 in the NFPA group. The first symptoms presented in the eyes in 23% of FPA patients and 41.9% of NFPA patients. The best-corrected visual acuity of the FPA group was better than that of the NFPA group, and 34 (56.7%) and 73 (84.9%) eyes in these groups had visual field defects, respectively. The visual field defects of the FPA patients were lighter than those of the NFPA patients. Except for the anteroposterior diameter, there were no differences in the other parameters of tumor diameter between the groups. The tumor volume of the FPA group was smaller than that of the NFPA group. The tumor size was positively correlated with the mean deviation and negatively correlated with the mean sensitivity in both groups. There was a longer delay between the onset of signs and symptoms and treatment in the FPA group than in the NFPA group. Future studies should focus on visual field defects caused by FPA and NFPA.

Background. The pathogenesis of myopia remains unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the disease progression. Reasons including reduced physical activity (PA) and low-grade intraocular inflammation may be involved in the development of myopia. Objectives.To analyze the levels of irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other intraocular cytokines in aqueous humor of high myopia patients, and to evaluate the roles of PA and inflammation in developing myopia. Materials and methods.We collected aqueous humor samples from patients with axial length (AL) over 26 mm (n = 35) or shorter than 25 mm (n = 38) during cataract extraction surgery. Samples were assayed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for irisin and a multiplex immunoassay kit for BDNF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).Results. Irisin levels in the aqueous samples of the highly myopic eyes were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.027). The BDNF levels of the highly myopic group were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.043). Median level of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for highly myopic group (2.035 pg/mL) was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (0.750 pg/mL) (U = 210.5, Z = −4.495, p < 0.001). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) level in the aqueous samples of the highly myopic group was significantly lower than in the shorter AL group (p = 0.049). Interleukin 6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups (p = 0.501, p = 0.059 and p = 0. 192, respectively). Tumor necrosis factor α levels could only be detected in 30 samples and median levels in the 2 groups were not statistically significantly different

Background To investigate the measurement time of 24-hour intraocular pressure(IOP) curve: the representativeness of 4 and 6 times IOP to the fluctuation of IOP at night and day. Methods From September 2018 to January 2019, 41 patients with suspected primary open angle glaucoma(POAG), who were admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University International Hospital, underwent 24-hour IOP monitoring. The measuring time points were set as: 0:00, 2:00, 5:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00 and 22:00, of which 8:00, 11:00, 14:00, 16:00 were the customary measuring time of IOP daily curve for 4 times; 5:00, 7:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00 were the conventional measuring time points for IOP curve for 6 times. The time points of the two groups was increased by 0:00, 2:00 and 20:00 to 12 times IOP measurements. Goldmann tonometer was used to measure IOP . Oxybuprocainehydrochloride eye drops were anesthetized by the same ophthalmologist. The sensitivity of the two methods to detect 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuations was calculated according to whether the peak values of 12 times IOP measurements could be included by 4 or 6 times IOP measurements. Results A total of 41 patients (82 eyes) were enrolled, including 21 males (42 eyes) and 20 females (40 eyes). The age ranged from 23 to 77（44.60±14.67）. The peak IOP measured by 4 times, 6 times and 12 times IOP measurements were 19.91±4.38mmHg、 20.54±4.10 mmHg and 21.09±4.15 mmHg respectively, and there were significant differences between the two methods (P < 0.05); the trough values of IOP were 15.46±3.63 mmHg 、14.63±3.49 mmHg and 13.93±3.38 mmHg respectively, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The peak IOP co-occurrence is 74.39% between 6 times and 12 times IOP measurements. The peak IOP co-occurrence is 43.90% between 4 times and 12 times IOP measurements. The sensitivity of 4 and 6 times IOP measurements to detect 24-hour IOP fluctuations were 36.11% and 55.56%, respectively. Conclusion For suspected glaucoma patients, neither 4 times IOP measurements nor 6 times IOP measurements during a day can accurately reflect the range of IOP fluctuations, which may easily lead to missed diagnosis.