Extremely fast-charging lithium-ion batteries are highly desirable to shorten the recharging time for electric vehicles, but it is hampered by the poor rate capability of graphite anodes. Here, we present a previously unreported particle size and electrode porosity dual-gradient structure design in the graphite anode for achieving extremely fast-charging lithium ion battery under strict electrode conditions. We develop a polymer binder–free slurry route to construct this previously unreported type particle size-porosity dual-gradient structure in the practical graphite anode showing the extremely fast-charging capability with 60% of recharge in 10 min. On the basis of dual-gradient graphite anode, we demonstrate extremely fast-charging lithium ion battery realizing 60% recharge in 6 min and high volumetric energy density of 701 Wh liter −1 at the high charging rate of 6 C.

All solid-state lithium (Li) metal batteries (SSLMBs) are attractive for prospective electrochemical energy storage systems on account of their high energy densities and good safeties. However, the incompatible interface between the solidstate electrolyte and Li metal anode limits the ability of SSLMBs. Here, a threedimensional (3D) electronic and ionic mixed conducting interlayer is proposed to improve the interfacial affinity in SSLMBs. The 3D electronic and ionic mixed conducting interlayer is composed of a Sn/Ni alloy layer-coated Cu nanowire (Cu@ SnNi) network. The Li plating demonstrates that the Cu@SnNi network can possess fast Li + ion transport channels from the Li metal to LiFePO 4 , acting as a stable interlayer between the Li metal and solid polymer electrolyte. Noticeably, the solidstate LiFePO 4 /Li cell with a Cu@SnNi interlayer exhibits an excellent rate capability (133 mA h g −1 , 2 C; 100 mA h g −1 , 5 C) in comparison to the low rate performance of the cell without the interlayer (117 mA h g −1 , 2 C; 60 mA h g −1 , 5 C). This unique structure design of electronic and ionic mixed conducting interlayer provides an alternative strategy to improve the performance of SSLMBs.

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