Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the prime causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, are usually treated by general supportive treatments. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fragments and misfolded proteins. ER-phagy is crucial for maintaining ER homeostasis and improving the internal environment. ER-phagy has a particular role in some aspects, such as immunity, inflammation, cell death, pathogen infection, and collagen quality. In this review, we summarized the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS and described the regulatory mechanisms and functions of ER-phagy as well as discussed the potential role of ER-phagy in ALI/ARDS from the perspectives of immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, pathogen infection, and fibrosis to provide a novel and effective target for improving the prognosis of ALI/ARDS.
Objective: To detect the expression level of tRNA-derived fragments secreted by extracellular vesiclesin sepsis and explore the influence of tRNA-derived fragments on the occurrence of sepsis. Methods: High-throughput sequencing was performed to examine the tRFs belonging to the H-EV(Extracellular Vesicles derived from the plasma of healthy human) and S-EV (Extracellular Vesicles derived from the plasma of septic patients)groups. The expression of seven differentially expressed tRNAs were detected by qRT-PCR. Finally,Target prediction and bioinformatics analysis were performed to explore their co-targeted genes and biological functions. Results: It was found that a variety of differentially expressed tRFs in the extracellular vesicles from sepsis patients by sequencing. There were 1 upregulated and 22 downregulated tRFs in S-EV group,respectively.Higher expression levels of plasma exosomal tiRNA-1:34-Glu-CTC-1-M2, and lower expression levels of tRF-52:71-chrM.Pro-TGG,tRF-1:28-chrM.Ser-TGA,tRF-60:76-Lys-TTT-3-M2,tRF-58:75-Cys-GCA-11-M7,tRF-1:15-Val-TAC-1-M3,tRF-59:76-Tyr-GTA-1-M2 in S-EV group were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Conclusion: The tiRNA-1:34-Glu-CTC-1-M2 was over-expressed in S-EV group,which might be a diagnostic biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of sepsis.
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