Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the immune response, thereby playing a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the body. It is well known that undifferentiated macrophages can polarize into classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) under different microenvironmental conditions. The directions of macrophage polarization can be regulated by a series of factors, including interferon, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin, and noncoding RNAs. To elucidate the role of macrophages in various autoimmune diseases, we searched the literature on macrophages with the PubMed database. Search terms are as follows: macrophages, polarization, signaling pathways, noncoding RNA, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we summarize the role of macrophage polarization in common autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also summarize the features and recent advances with a particular focus on the immunotherapeutic potential of macrophage polarization in autoimmune diseases and the potentially effective therapeutic targets.
Aim: Uveal melanoma (UVM) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults and it can develop metastatic melanoma. Therefore, it is crucial to identify biomarkers to provide early diagnosis and therapeutic targets. Methods: The differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and mRNAs in patients with UVM were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The target mRNAs regu-lated by DEmiRNAs were obtained from TargetScan and miRDB databases. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed using Metascape software. The hub mRNAs used for the construction of protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were identified using the STRING database and CytoHub plug-in. TCGA database and miRNA-targeted mRNAs were used to identify key mRNAs. Hub and key mRNAs were searched PubMed database for verification. Survival analysis was done using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Moreover, the correlations between methylation level and key mRNA expression together with survival rate were analyzed by gene set cancer analysis (GSCA). The miRNA–mRNA network was constructed by integrating mRNAs and miRNAs in-formation. Results: We identified 22 DEmiRNAs and obtained 1436 targeted mRNAs in patients with UVM. Ten hub mRNAs (i.e., HNRNPA1, SRSF1, MATR3, SYNCRIP, TRA2B, TIAL1, FUS, FN1, SFPQ, HNRNPU) were screened and HNRNPA1, SRSF1, TRA2B, TIAL1, FUS, FN1, SFPQ, and HNRNPU were associated with cancer metastasis. KEGG analysis showed FN1 was associated with survival. In addition, CA12, NYNRIN, TDRD10 and WDR72 were associated with survival, while FOXD3, CA12 and SPDEF play pivotal roles in cancer metastasis. The TDRD10, COL11A2 and NYNRIN levels were negatively correlated with methylation, and the methylation level had a significant impact on the prognosis of metastatic UVM. The miRNA–mRNA regulatory network was con-sisted of 10 miRNAs and 14 key mRNAs, and these miRNA targets may have potential links to UVM metastasis. Conclusion: We found that HNRNPA1, SRSF1, TRA2B, TIAL1, FUS, FN1, SFPQ, HNRNPU, FOXD3, CA12 and SPDEF were related to metastatic UVM, and FN1, CA12, NYNRIN, TDRD10 and WDR72 were related to survival in metastatic UVM. These mRNAs may be used as bi-omarkers of metastatic UVM and therapeutic targets.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.