Growing environmental awareness and depleting fossil resources pose an emerging quest for lightweight materials with outstanding mechanical properties and economic production from sustainable resources that are biodegradable, carbon neutral, and safe. Super-strong yet lightweight anisotropic nanocellulose films are demonstrated by a cellulose DP protection strategy, exhibiting a tensile strength up to 1.13GPa. The high strength and low density of the nanocellulose films renders the highest specific strength of 820 MPa cm 3 g À1 among any known natural polymers and some strong metals.

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The biofilm culturing device fixed on the slides was vertically placed in the commonly called small Li Lake of Jiangnan University. The adsorption experiment of Cu2+ was carried out by mature biofilm. Besides, scanning electron microscope (SEM), polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy spectrum (SEM-EDX) were used to analysis the effect of Cu2+ on the morphological structure of biofilm. The result indicated that when the initial concentration of Cu2+ was 5 mg·L−1, the absorption capacity of Cu2+ by unit mass biofilm is the maximum. More extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were released by biofilm due to the stimulation of Cu2+. EPS was beneficial to the adsorption of Cu2+ by biofilm. After the adsorption of Cu2+, the bacterial diversity index decreased, while there were no significant differences in microbial communities on biofilm. Moreover, the main groups combining Cu2+ were the hydroxyl groups and amide groups in S-EPS and B-EPS. Ion exchange is a mechanism of the adsorption of Cu2+ by EPS.

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