Background:Many studies have indicated that leptin is correlated with breast cancer occurrence and tumor behavior. However, this issue remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted an updated meta-analysis to investigate the role of leptin in breast cancer.Methods:We performed a systematic literature search and identified relevant papers up to 1 September 2017. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate effect sizes.Results:Thirty-five eligible studies were included in the current meta-analysis. Serum leptin levels were related to breast cancer risk as demonstrated by calculations of the overall SMD = 0.46 (95% CI = 0.31-0.60, I2 = 93.5%). A subgroup analysis of BMI identified an association between breast cancer and serum leptin levels in patients who are overweight and obese (overweight: SMD = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13–0.57, I2 = 88.1%; obesity: SMD = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.64–2.12, I2 = 89.6%). Additionally, menopausal status subgroup analysis revealed a significant association in postmenopausal women (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.12–0.40, I2 = 77.9%). Furthermore, we identified a significant association between breast cancer and serum leptin levels in Chinese women (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44–0.79, I2 = 40.6%).Conclusion:The results of this meta-analysis suggested that leptin could be a potential biomarker for breast cancer risk in women, especially overweight/obese or postmenopausal women. Therefore, it may be useful for identifying subjects with a high risk for breast cancer who may benefit from preventive treatments.
Objective To study the associations between heterogeneity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subtype/prepregnancy body mass index (pre‐BMI) and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) infants of Chinese women. Methods We performed a retrospective case‐control study of 299 women with GDM and 204 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), using oral glucose tolerance test‐based indices performed at 24‐25 weeks of gestation. Women with GDM were classified into the following three physiologic subtypes: GDM with a predominant insulin‐secretion defect (GDM‐dysfunction), GDM with a predominant insulin‐sensitivity defect (GDM‐resistance), or GDM with both defects (GDM‐mixed). We then used a binary logistic regression model to evaluate the potential associations of GDM subtypes and pre‐BMI with newborn macrosomia or LGA. Results Women with GDM‐resistance had a higher pre‐BMI (P < 0.001), whereas women in the GDM‐dysfunction and GDM‐mixed groups had pre‐BMIs comparable to the NGT group. In the logistic regression model, women in the GDM‐mixed group exhibited an increased risk of bearing newborns with macrosomia and LGA, and women in the GDM‐dysfunction group tended to have newborns with LGA after adjusting for pre‐BMI and other potential confounders. Women who were overweight or obese prepregnancy manifested an increased risk of having newborns with macrosomia and LGA relative to normal‐weight women, regardless of whether values were unadjusted or adjusted for all potential confounders. There was no significant interaction between GDM subtype and pre‐BMI for any of the studied outcomes. Conclusions Heterogeneity of GDM (GDM‐dysfunction and GDM‐mixed) and prepregnancy overweight/obesity were independently associated with LGA in Chinese women. There was no significant interaction between GDM subtypes and pre‐BMI for LGA.
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout china in recent years. There is a limited understanding of the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the H9N2 virus isolated in chickens in southwestern China. In this study a total of 12 field strains were isolated from tissue samples from diseased chickens between 2013 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide sequences from the 12 field isolates and other reference strains showed that most of the isolates in the past four years could be clustered into a major branch (HA-branch A and NA-branch I) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages. These sequences are accompanied by nine and seven new amino acids mutations in the HA and NA proteins, respectively, when compared with those previous to 2013. In addition, four new isolates were grouped into a minor branch (HA-branch B) in the Clade h9.4.2 lineages and two potential N-glycosylation sites were observed due to amino acid mutations in the HA protein. Three antigenic groups (1–3), which had low antigenic relatedness with two commonly used vaccines in China, were identified among the 12 isolates by antigenMap analysis. Immunoprotection testing showed that those two vaccines could efficiently prevent the shedding of branch A viruses but not branch B viruses. In conclusion, these results indicate the genotype of branch B may become epidemic in the next few years and that a new vaccine should be developed for the prevention of H9N2 AIV.
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