Abstract-With the development of globalization and informatization, there is an undenied fact that more and more people from different countries are communicating and exchanging ideas with each other by one language, that is English. Whether you like English or not, if you want to enter into the wave of globalization and informatization, and conduct effective international communications, or you want to become an influential politician merchant and scientist , you must be able to use English to communicate. The dominance of English is like a snowball, too big to prevent. This thesis discusses the manifestation of English dominance and the necessity of analyzing English dominance. It analyses the reasons of formation of English dominance in international communication from the history of English language development, macro level, technical factors and other comprehensive aspects. Finally, the author analyses the influence English dominance brought to China. Index Terms-international communication, English dominance, influenceCultural hegemony taking place of colonialism is causing widespread concern. However, most studies on cultural hegemony focus on politics, philosophy and other fields. The author thinks that the spread and expansion of English makes English dominance more and more obvious in international communication. I. LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND HEGEMONYLanguage is the carrier of culture, and every language is the crystallization of each culture. It is the process of cultural exchange and cultural diffusion for people to use language to communicate with each other. Language users can gain a sense of cultural identity and social belongings through language. In general, the language of a nation is deeply rooted in national culture, and accompanied by national traditions. Language can not survive, develop and improve without culture. Language is the core of culture. There is no basis for the existence and continuation of culture without language. As a result, the national language has a vital role in maintaining ethic nationality. Language carries culture, but has inextricably association with politics and economy. Language has always been an effective tool for political and cultural struggle, an important means of maintaining and developing countries, and a significant part of national common culture. Culture is the reflection of politics and economy on ideology. Western powerful economic and political strength is bound to create and consolidate a strong position in their culture, thus showing an asymmetry tilt feature of global culture exchange, that is strong culture flow unidirectionally to vulnerable culture. As a result, weak culture is passive, and forced to absorb a large number of strong culture. Conversely, the strong culture is always in a dominant position, and it can select and deploy other culture according to its own needs to strengthen itself. As English is spread and used worldwide, it inevitably becomes an important tool for the output of Western culture, and even a means of Western countries to...
In this study, the influences on persistent droughts over Eastern China from tropical volcanic eruptions with three categories of magnitudes, i.e., 25 Tg, 50 Tg, and 100 Tg, were investigated through three groups of volcanic sensitivity experiments based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The results showed that, the 25 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions are too weak to significantly influence the regional precipitation changes over Eastern China, while the 50 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions can strongly intensify droughts and prolong the drought conditions for about five years. Both the extension and intensification of the drought conditions induced by 100 Tg tropical volcanic eruption are the largest among the three sensitivity experiments. These drought conditions are mainly caused by the weakened East Asia Summer Monsoon (EASM), and their extension and intensification depend on the strength of the volcanic eruptions. The intensities of weakened EASMs after volcanic eruptions are associated with the distinct ocean-land thermal contrast after eruptions. The ocean-land thermal contrast is the largest after the 100 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions, while it is much weaker after the 25 Tg volcanic eruptions. The durations of drought extensions are determined by the recovery rates of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), which are associated with the magnitudes of the volcanic eruptions.Atmosphere 2020, 11, 210 2 of 14 regional climate changes at different spatiotemporal scales and fundamentally affect the development of human communities, great efforts have been devoted to investigating the influences of volcanic eruptions on regional climate changes [2]. Many studies have confirmed that volcanic activities can produce global-scale cooling in the short term [3][4][5] and trigger a long-term cooling in the Arctic through the positive feedback of ice and snow cover [6]. The initiation of the Little Ice Age (LIA) was also found to be associated with volcanic eruptions and sustained due to the feedback between the sea ice and ocean [7].The impacts of volcanic eruptions on regional temperature and precipitation changes have attracted much attention recently [8]. Both reconstructed data and model simulations demonstrated that, on a global scale, volcanic eruptions can lead to rainfall deficit in summer monsoon regions over the world [9], with the largest precipitation decreases occurring in tropical areas [10]. On a regional scale, Northern Hemisphere volcanic eruptions are more likely to reduce Northern Hemispheric monsoon precipitation than equatorial and southern monsoon rainfall [11]. Large volcanic eruptions in the past millennium triggered anomalous dry conditions in Asia [12,13], but it was relatively wetter over the southeast part while drier in the central part [12]. In Europe, strong volcanic eruptions induced an aridity in the central part, while relative wetter conditions existed in the northern part [14]. Some studies also found that volcano-induced droughts usually persist longer over the ocean than ...
In this study, simulations of 13 all‐forcing experiments from the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM‐LME) archive were used to investigate the different spatiotemporal characteristics and corresponding mechanisms of the decadal megadroughts over the eastern China during two typical periods in the past millennium, that is, Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA). The results show that there is no significant difference in either megadrought intensity or duration between the MCA and LIA, but there are significant differences in the megadrought frequencies. The frequency of megadroughts during the MCA is 1.44 times/hundred years, compared with 1.69 times/hundred years in LIA. Results from solar only sensitivity experiments and volcanic only sensitivity experiments show that this difference is mainly induced by the solar radiation. The mechanism analyses show that a spatial pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) resembling the positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)‐like pattern have occurred simultaneously with the megadroughts during both the MCA and LIA. While, the megadroughts in MCA are strongly correlated with the strong PDO‐like SSTA patterns, and the megadroughts in LIA are strongly correlated with the weak PDO‐like SSTA patterns. In addition, the anomalous sea level pressure (SLP) field and wind field associate with the megadroughts during the MCA and LIA are consistent with the strengths of SSTA, with significant larger SLP and wind anomalies during the MCA than those during the LIA. Therefore, it can be concluded that the responses of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns to SSTA are similar during these two typical periods, and the difference in the megadrought frequencies is due to the nonlinear response of the precipitation variability to the large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns.
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