The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments. The development of 3D printing technologies has opened new implementations in rapid prototyping, tooling, dentistry, microfluidics, biomedical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc. Among different 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based process (such as stereolithography and digital light processing) offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical, and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization is based on using monomers/ oligomers in liquid state (in the presence of photoinitiators) that can be photopolymerized (via radical or cationic mechanism) upon exposure to light source of different wavelengths (depending on the photoinitiator system). An overview of recent evolutions in the field of photopolymerization-based 3D printing and highlights of novel 3D printable photopolymers is provided herein. Challenges that limit the use of conventional photopolymers (i.e., initiation under UV light) together with prospective solutions such as incorporation of photosensitive initiators with redshifted absorptions are also discussed in detail. This review also spotlights recent progress on the use of controlled living radical photopolymerization techniques (i.e., reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization) in 3D printing, which will pave the way for widespread growth of new generations of 3D materials with living features and possibility for postprinting modifications.
Polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films have been fabricated. It is shown that the nanotubes affect the free N–H environment and quinoid units along the polymer backbone. A 10‐fold increase in conductivity is observed and elemental analysis indicates that the nanotubes compete with chloride ion during HCl doping (see Figure).
The
photopolymerization-based 3D printing process is typically
conducted by using free radical polymerization, which leads to fabrication
of immutable materials. An alternative 3D printing of polymeric materials
by using trithiocarbonate (TTC) reversible addition–fragmentation
chain transfer (RAFT) agents has always been a challenge for material
and polymer scientists. Herein we report 3D printing of RAFT-based
formulations that can be conducted fully open to air using a standard
digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer and under mild conditions
of visible light at blue (λmax = 483 nm, 4.16 mW/cm2) or green (λmax = 532 nm, 0.48 mW/cm2) wavelength. Our approach is based on activation of TTC RAFT
agents using eosin Y (EY) as a photoinduced electron-transfer (PET)
catalyst in the presence of a reducing agent (triethylamine (TEA)),
which facilitated the oxygen tolerant 3D printing process via a reductive
PET initiation mechanism. Reactivation of the TTCs present within
the polymer networks enables postprinting monomer insertion into the
outer layers of an already printed dormant object under a second RAFT
process, which provides a pathway to design a more complex 3D printing.
To our best knowledge, this is the first example of oxygen tolerant
EY/TEA catalyzed PET-RAFT facilitated 3D printing of polymeric materials.
We believe that our strategy is a significant step forward in the
field of 3D printing.
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