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Constructing heterostructured photocatalysts and depositing an appropriate co‐catalyst to facilitate charge separation are crucial steps to improve photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting. Herein, we reported the synthesis of C‐doped ZrO2/g‐C3N4/Ni2P (C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/Ni2P) composite based on the UiO‐66‐NH2 material for photocatalytic H2 production under visible‐light irradiation. The optimal H2 evolution rate over C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P was 10.04 mmol g−1 h−1, which was more than 10 times higher than that of C‐ZrO2/20 %Ni2P (0.90 mmol g−1 h−1). The apparent quantum yield of C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P at 420 nm reached 35.5 %. A detailed analysis of the action mechanism revealed that the improved photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the highly efficient spatial separation of the photoinduced charge carriers between C‐ZrO2 and g‐C3N4, as a result of the tightly bound structure of C‐ZrO2/g‐C3N4/20 %Ni2P and its staggered band energy. The presence of the Ni2P co‐catalyst accelerates the surface reaction as well. This work demonstrates that anchoring appropriate co‐catalysts onto a metal–organic framework (MOF)/g‐C3N4‐derived metal oxide/g‐C3N4 hybrid is an effective way to obtain heterostructured photocatalysts for H2 production.

Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative opportunistic avian pathogen representing an emerging threat to poultry meat and egg production worldwide. To date, no vaccine able to effectively prevent the morbidity associated with G. anatis infections has been developed yet. Our group previously reported that inoculation of different combinations of G. anatis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), FlfA and GtxA-N proteins is effective in preventing lesions caused by G. anatis infections in layer chickens. Here we report the testing of the efficacy as vaccine prototypes of G. anatis OMVs isolated by hydrostatic filtration, a simple technique that allows the cost-effective isolation of high yields of OMVs. Layer chickens were immunized with OMVs alone or in combination with FlfA and/or GtxA-N proteins. Subsequent challenge with a heterologous G. anatis strain showed that immunization with OMVs alone could significantly reduce the lesions following a G. anatis infection. A second study was carried out to characterize the dose-response (0.25, 2.5 and 25 µg) relationship of G. anatis OMVs as immunogens, showing that 2.5 μg of OMVs represent the optimal dose to elicit protection in the immunized animals after a similar challenge. Additionally, administration of ≥2.5 μg of G. anatis OMVs induced specific IgY titers and possibly vertical transfer of immunity.

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