The liquid cores of Earth and other terrestrial planets or moons are composed of Fe-Ni metal, alloyed with a range of potential light elements (LE). The dynamics of these liquid cores determines the formation and the duration of the planetary dynamo and magnetic field, which are crucial for planetary habitability. Knowledge on the viscosity of candidate Fe-Ni-LE alloys at high pressures and high temperatures (HP-HT) are required to understand and model the dynamics of these liquid cores. Additionally, viscosity is one of the key properties that determines the percolation velocity of iron alloy through silicate/oxide rocks, which is crucial for studying the time scale of core formation in Earth and other terrestrial planets. Carbon is among the top candidate light elements in Earth's and planetary cores due to its high cosmic abundance, siderophile nature and ubiquity in iron meteorites. The phase diagram and physical properties of Fe-(Ni)-C solids and liquids at HP-HT have been widely investigated (
Ceramic waste forms are designed to immobilize radionuclides for permanent disposal in geological repositories. One of the principal criteria for the effective incorporation of waste elements is their compatibility with the host material. In terms of performance under environmental conditions, the resistance of the waste forms to degradation over long periods of time is a critical concern when they are exposed to natural environments. Due to their unique crystallographic features and behavior in nature environment as exemplified by their natural analogues, ceramic waste forms are capable of incorporating problematic nuclear waste elements while showing promising chemical durability in aqueous environments. Recent studies of apatite- and hollandite-structured waste forms demonstrated an approach that can predict the compositions of ceramic waste forms and their long-term dissolution rate by a combination of computational techniques including machine learning, first-principles thermodynamics calculations, and modeling using kinetic rate equations based on critical laboratory experiments. By integrating the predictions of elemental incorporation and degradation kinetics in a holistic framework, the approach could be promising for the design of advanced ceramic waste forms with optimized incorporation capacity and environmental degradation performance. Such an approach could provide a path for accelerated ceramic waste form development and performance prediction for problematic nuclear waste elements.
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