Figure 2. Photothermal nanoparticles based on self-assembly of BV and peptide. A) Construction of the ZB NPs and ZBMn NPs by self-assembly. B) Absorption spectra of BV, ZB NPs, and ZBMn NPs in aqueous solutions. C) SEM image of the ZB NPs. D) SEM image of the ZBMn NPs. E) Temperature elevation of the solutions containing ZB NPs and ZBMn NPs under the same irradiation (730 nm, 0.3 W cm −2). Reproduced with permission. [21]
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Nano-drug delivery systems (Nano-DDS) offer powerful advantages in drug delivery and targeted therapy for
diseases. Compared to traditional drug formulations, Nano-DDS can increase solubility, biocompatibility, and reduce offtargeted side effects of free drugs. However, they still have some disadvantages that pose a limitation in reaching their full
potential in clinical use. Protein adsorption in blood, activation of the complement system, and subsequent sequestration by
the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) consequently result in nanoparticles (NPs) to be rapidly cleared from the
circulation. Therefore, NPs have low drug delivery efficiency. So, it is important to develop stealth NPs for reducing bio–
nano interaction. In this review, we first conclude the interaction between NPs and biological environments, such as blood
proteins and MPS, and factors influencing each other. Next, we will summarize the new strategies to reduce NPs protein
adsorption and uptake by the MPS based on current knowledge of the bio–nano interaction. Further directions will also be
highlighted for the development of biomimetic stealth nano-delivery systems by combining targeted strategies for a better
therapeutic effect.
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