In order to handle extremely-high stored energy in future proton-proton colliders, an extremely high-efficiency collimation system is required for safe operation. At LHC, the major limiting locations in terms of particle losses on superconducting (SC) magnets are the dispersion suppressors (DS) downstream of the transverse collimation insertion. These losses are due to the protons experiencing single diffractive interactions in the primary collimators. How to solve this problem is very important for future proton-proton colliders, such as the FCC-hh and SPPC. In this article, a novel method is proposed, which arranges both the transverse and momentum collimation in the same long straight section. In this way, the momentum collimation system can clean those particles related to the single diffractive effect. The effectiveness of the method has been confirmed by multi-particle simulations. In addition, SC quadrupoles with special designs such as enlarged aperture and good shielding are adopted to enhance the phase advance in the transverse collimation section, so that tertiary collimators can be arranged to clean off the tertiary halo which emerges from the secondary collimators and improve the collimation efficiency. With one more collimation stage in the transverse collimation, the beam losses in both the momentum collimation section and the experimental regions can be largely reduced. Multi-particle simulation results with the MERLIN code confirm the effectiveness of the collimation method. At last, we provide a protection scheme of the SC magnets in the collimation section. The FLUKA simulations show that by adding some special protective collimators in front of the magnets, the maximum power deposition in the SC coils is reduced dramatically, which is proven to be valid for protecting the SC magnets from quenching.
This paper proposes a novel method for resonant slow extraction in synchrotrons by using special anti-symmetric sextupole fields, which can be produced by a special magnet structure. The method has the potential in applications demanding for very stable slow extraction from synchrotrons. Our studies show that the slow extraction at the half-integer resonance by using anti-symmetric sextupole field has some advantages compared to the normal sextupole field, and the latter is widely used in the slow extraction method. One of them is that it can work at a more distant tune from the resonance, so that it can reduce significantly the intensity variation of the extracted beam which is mainly caused by the ripples of magnet power supplies. The studies by both the Hamiltonian theory and numerical simulations show that the stable region at the proximity of the half-integer resonance by anti-symmetric sextupole field is much smaller and flatter than the one by standard sextupole field at the third-order resonance. The particles outside the region will be driven out in two possible directions in quite short transit time but with spiral steps similar as in the third-order resonant extraction. By gradually increasing the field strength, the beam can be extracted with intensity more homogeneous than by the usual third-order resonant method, in the means of both smaller intensity variation and spike in the beginning spill. Similar to the case with a normal sextupole, we derive an empirical formula for the area of the stable region with an anti-symmetric sextupole. One can find that with the same field strength and the same tune distance to the resonance, the area of stable region or the change of the area due to the working point variation in the case of anti-symmetric sextupole is about 1/14 of the one in the case of standard sextupole. The detailed studies including beam dynamic behaviors at the proximity of other resonances, influence of 2-D field error, half-integer stop-band, and resonant slow extraction by using quadrupole field have also been presented.
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