Ecosystem services (ES) are directly affected by land use and land cover changes (LUCC); however, the impacts of extended period LUCC on ES are poorly explored. Here, we mapped the 1998–2019 annual land use and land cover in the Dongting Lake Region (China) and explored the spatiotemporal evolution of LUCC and landscape patterns (i.e., composition, shape, and aggregation) and their relationship with ES, including carbon storage, gross primary production (GPP), water conservation capacity, and crop yield in the region. The results showed a significant increase in forest areas and impervious surfaces and a decrease in croplands and bare lands with spatial heterogeneity. Carbon storage was strongly correlated with forest, cropland, waterbody, impervious surface, and bare land, and there was a nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES. The trade-offs and synergies (correlations) among ES varied considerably, with crop yield being significantly synergistic with carbon stocks, GPP, or GPP with carbon stocks. This study revealed the nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and ES, and the mechanism of landscape characteristics on ES. The findings can provide scientific support for regional land use planning, ES regulation, and landscape optimization in the lake region.
Soil microbial communities potentially serve as indicators for their responses to changes in various ecosystems at scales from a region to the globe. However, changes in wetland soil bacterial communities and how they are related to urbanization intensities remains poorly understood. Here, we collected sixty soil samples along urbanization intensity gradients from twenty wetlands. We measured a range of environmental factors and characterized bacterial communities structure using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing that targeted the V4-V5 region. Our results revealed the dominant soil microbial phyla included Proteobacteria (39.3%), Acidobacteria (21.4%) and Chloroflexi (12.3%) in the wetlands, and showed a significant divergence of composition in intensive urbanization area (UI_4) than other places. A critical "threshold" exists in the soil bacterial diversity, demonstrating different patterns: a gradual increase in the areas of low-to-intermediate disturbances but a significant decrease in highly urbanized areas where metabolic functions were significantly strong. Additionally, soil pH, total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP ) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) made a significant contribution to variations in bacterial communities, explaining 49.6%, 35.1%, 26.2% and 30.7% of the total variance, respectively. pH and NH4+-N were identified as the main environmental drivers to determine bacterial community structure and diversity in the urban wetlands. Our results highlight collective changes in multiple environmental variables induced by urbanization rather than by the proportion of impervious surface area (ISA), which were potentially attributed to the spatial heterogeneity along different urbanization gradients.
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