The Boltzmann constant can be optically determined by measuring the Doppler width of an absorption line of molecules at gas phase. We propose to apply a near infrared cavity ring-down (CRD) spectrometer for this purpose. The superior sensitivity of CRD spectroscopy and the good performance of the near-ir lasers can provide ppm (part-per-million) accuracy which will be competitive to present most accurate result obtained from the speed of sound in argon measurement. The possible influence to the uncertainty of the determined Doppler width from different causes are investigated, which includes the signal-to-noise level, laser frequency stability, detecting nonlinearity, and pressure broadening effect. The analysis shows that the CRD spectroscopy has some remarkable advantages over the direct absorption method proposed before. The design of the experimental setup is presented and the measurement of C2H2 line near 0.8 μm at room temperature has been carried out as a test of the instrument.
The powder-bed with uniform and high density that determined by the spreading process parameters is the key factor for fabricating high performance parts in Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. In this work, Discrete Element Method (DEM) was deployed in order to simulate Al2O3 ceramic powder roller-spreading. The effects of roller-spreading parameters include translational velocity Vs, roller’s rotational speed ω, roller’s diameter D, and powder layer thickness H on powder-bed density were analyzed. The results show that the increased translational velocity of roller leads to poor powder-bed density. However, the larger roller’s diameter will improve powder-bed density. Moreover, the roller’s rotational speed has little effect on powder-bed density. Layer thickness is the most significant influencing factor on powder-bed density. When layer thickness is 50 μm, most of particles are pushed out of the build platform forming a lot of voids. However, when the layer thickness is greater than 150 μm, the powder-bed becomes more uniform and denser. This work can provide a reliable basis for roller-spreading parameters optimization.
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