In this article, the sensitivity of Salmonella enteritidis to surfactin and polylysine was observed, and the optimization of antimicrobial activity of surfactin and polylysine against S. enteritidis in milk was evaluated by a response surface methodology. Results showed that S. enteritidis was very sensitive to them, whose minimal inhibitory concentrations were 6.25 and 31.25 μg/mL, respectively. The optimization result indicated that S. enteritidis could be sterilized by 6 orders of magnitude when the temperature was 4.45°C, the action time was 6.91 h, and the concentration (surfactin/polylysine weight ratio, 1:1) was 10.03 μg/mL.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of
Artemisia ordosica
was characterized from Illumina pair-end sequencing. The chloroplast genome of
A. ordosica
was 151,209 bp in length, containing a large single-copy region (LSC) of 80,975 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 16,002 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 27,116 bp. The overall GC content is 30.71%, while the correponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 64.2%, 69.3%, and 60.0%, respectively. The genome contains 138 complete genes, including 91 protein-coding genes (62 protein-coding gene species), 39 tRNA genes (29 tRNA species) and 8 rRNA genes (4 rRNA species). The Neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis showed that
A. ordosica
and
Artemisia scoparia
clustered together as sisters to other
Artemisia
species.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant in cereals that causes severe economic losses and serious risks to the health of humans and animals. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of AFB1 degradation by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) combined with commensal intestinal microorganisms. Germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL were reared on peanut meal spiked with AFB1 for 10 days. The result showed that germ-free BSFL and non-sterile BSFL could achieve 31.71% and 88.72% AFB1 degradation, respectively, which indicated the important role of larvae gut microbiota in AFB1 degradation. Furthermore, twenty-five AFB1-degrading bacteria were isolated from BSFL gut, and S. acidaminiphila A2 achieved the highest AFB1 degradation, by 94%. When S. acidaminiphila A2 was re-inoculated to BSFL, the detrimental effect of AFB1 on the growth performance of BSFL was alleviated, and complete AFB1 degradation in peanut meal was obtained. In conclusion, the present study may provide a strategy to degrade AFB1 in feedstuff through bioconversion with BSFL in combination with gut-originated AFB1-degrading bacteria, while providing a sustainable insect protein and fat source to animals.
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