This review is to systematically estimate if there is any relationship between the shoe collar characteristic and the risk of ankle sprain by reviewing the literature. Methods: Relevant papers were collected through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus focused on ankle stability comparison in basketball shoes between high-top and low-top. Articles were involved if they: 1) compared subjects between high-top shoes and low-top shoes, 2) only focused on basketball shoes, 3) utilized kinematics and electromyogram as the primary outcome, 4) published in English. Results: 6 studies were collected in this systematic review, the selecting studies were divided into two different groups based on different motions of test, one of group is a side step cutting task for testing ROM of ankle in coronal plane, another one is conducting a jump task and the peak ankle inversion data at the landing after jump was extracted. Through the meta-analysis combined with a random effect, the model indicated that the type of shoe has no effect on the ankle inversion (p = 0.08) and ROM (p = 0.85). Conclusion: The results showed that there no significant difference in the shoe collar was found. Thus, the more parameters of ankle changes and muscle activity of lower extremity should be assessed in the future to improve our comprehensive understanding for shoe collar effect of ankle stability.
Effective recommendations about how to decrease adverse effects of high heels (HH) need to be provided, since wearing HH is inevitable for most women in their daily life, regardless of their negative impacts on the foot morphology. The main purpose of this systematic review was to summarize studies which have provided specific information about how to effectively offset the negative effects of wearing HH, in the case of women, by means of examining heel height, insole, and heel base support (HBS). Some evidence indicate the following: (i) the range of appropriate heel height for HH shoes is 3.76 cm to 4.47 cm; (ii) compared to small HBS, the larger ones effectively increase gait stability, reduce risk of ankle injury, and improve comfort rating during HH walking; and (iii) the use of a total contact insert (TCI) significantly decreases plantar pressure and the impact on the foot, resulting in higher perceived comfort. It must be noted that these results are based on short-term research; therefore, any conclusions with regard to effects in the long term should be taken with a grain of salt. Nevertheless, future studies should be aimed at combining numerical and experimental methods, in order to provide personal recommendations for HH shoes by considering heel height and HBS size, based on the individual characters (weight, height, and age).
A statistical shape model (SSM) based analysis was conducted in our study. We indicated the morphological differences of the first trapezoid-metacarpal (TMC) bone between the region-based statistical shape model (rSSM) and the nonregion-based statistical shape model (nrSSM). We aimed to characterize more specific and accurate variation results to detect and prevent osteoarthritis in an early way. CT image data of TMC from 31 healthy volunteers were simulated with 3D models. A training set of models was analyzed with principal component analysis, with both then- rSSM and rSSM. The region was identified automatically with Gaussian curvature analysis. We found four dominant shape variations from both nrSSM and rSSM. The rSSM showed more variations with fewer components compared with nrSSM. The first principal component revealed the size variation as the biggest component. A significant difference was presented in the second and the fourth principal component from rSSM, showing the torsion of the distal head of the first metacarpal which may increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
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