With the increasing popularity of battery technology, the safety problems caused by the thermal runaway of batteries have been paid more attention. Detecting the gases released from battery thermal runaway by gas sensors is one of the effective strategies to realize the early safety warning of batteries. The inducing factors of battery thermal runaway as well as the types and mechanisms of the gases generated at each reaction stage are first reviewed. According to the amount and starting time of gas release, five gases suitable for early detection of battery thermal runaway are mainly introduced, including hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), and methane (CH 4 ). The application prospects of various gas-sensing technologies in the detection and early warning of battery thermal runaway are further evaluated. Benefiting from the superiorities of small size, high sensitivity, and stable performance, the resistive gas sensors are considered as promising candidates in this field, and their sensing mechanisms are also described in this review. In addition, the applicability and optimization strategies of gas sensors for the detection and early warning of battery thermal runaway are further reviewed systematically, on the basis of various aspects including sensing material, material design, sensing performance, etc. Finally, the potential directions and key points for the future development of gas sensors in the detection and early warning of battery thermal runaway are proposed.
Polyethylene oxide (PEO) based polymer electrolytes have been widely used in solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) owing to their high solubility of lithium salt and favourable ionic conductivity, flexibility for improved...
Metallic lithium (Li) has been considered as an attractive anode material for next-generation rechargeable batteries, owing to its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g -1 ), low redox potential (−3.040 V vs standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.59 g cm -3 ). [4][5] Nevertheless, the high activity of Li metal, nonuniform Li plating, large volume change, and the formation of fragile solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer in lithium metal batteries (LMBs) inevitably lead to negative effects of the low Coulombic efficiency (CE), the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrite, the formation of "dead" Li, etc. [6][7][8][9] These intractable problems can cause irreversible loss of Li metal and electrolyte, resulting in a sustaining capacity attenuation or even triggering thermal runaway and explosion of the battery. Thermal runaway-induced accidents should be a wakeup call that people need to focus more attention on the battery safety and avoid undesirable energy release during battery cycling, since the batteries with higher energy density always endure lower thermal stability during operation. [10][11][12] Consequently, it is of vital importance to achieve robust LMBs security in the progress of developing Li metal anode and constantly breaking the bottleneck of energy density.As a critical component in batteries, separator not only provides paths for Li ion transfer, but also prevents accidental contact of anode and cathode. [13] According to statistics, at least 90% of various battery abuses (e.g., mechanical-abuse, electrical-abuse, thermal-abuse, and electrochemical-abuse) are related to internal short circuits caused by the failure of separator. [14] The prominent weak point of conventional polyolefin separators is their low melting point (135 °C for polyethylene (PE) separator and 165 °C for polypropylene (PP) separator), [15] which means they can easily shrink and collapse upon thermalabuse. To address this issue, tremendous efforts have been devoted to designing thermal-safety separators. [16] Metal oxides with polar surfaces (e.g., SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 ) have been commonly reported as protective layers to enhance the thermal resistance of polyolefin separator. [17] Some inorganic materials with high Li-ion, thermal conductivity or flame retardance (e.g.,
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted increased interest because of the high theoretical energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Conducting polymers (CPs), as one of the most promising materials used in Li–S batteries, can not only facilitate electron transfer and buffer the large volumetric change of sulfur benefiting from their porous structure and excellent flexibility, but also enable stronger physical/chemical adsorption capacity toward polysulfides (LiPSs) when doped with abundant heteroatoms to promote the sulfur redox kinetics and achieve the high sulfur loading. This review firstly introduces the properties of various CPs including structural CPs (polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANi), polyethylene dioxothiophene [PEDOT]) and compound CPs (polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) [PAA]), and their application potential in Li–S batteries. Furthermore, the research progress of various CPs in different components (cathode, separator, and interlayer) of Li–S batteries is systematically summarized. Finally, the application perspective of the CPs in Li–S batteries as a potential guidance is comprehensively discussed.
The introduction of functional guest materials is an effective way to improve the sensing performance of resistive gas sensors.
Safety-related issues have always been one of the most critical barriers hindering the large-scale popularization of high-energy-density storage systems. For lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, conventional polyolefin separators with poor flash points...
Solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are identified as a highly promising candidate for next‐generation energy storage devices, yet they still face uncontrollable dendritic lithium (Li) growth originating from interfacial incompatibility. To address this issue, an “integration plasma (IP)” strategy for interlayer construction is proposed that integrates metal reduction and vapor deposition functions, featuring the ability to give a manipulable and quantifiable chemical regulation for controlling the surface concentration (Csurface) and the atomic ratio of the introduced metal element and electronegative element (ARE/M) on solid‐state electrolyte (SSE). This IP‐formed interlayer can in situ react with Li anode to synchronously produce metal‐Li alloy, Li salt and amorphous carbon, thus offering an “integrated function” to promote a spherical and hexagonal Li growth, preventing the dendrite propagation from SSE. When Csurface of metal elements and corresponding ARE/M is regulated as ≈1.13 nmol cm‐2 and ≈2.6, the IP‐modified SSE prolongs the lifespan of SSLMBs with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode to over 1000 cycles with a low‐capacity attenuation of 0.03% per cycle, highlighting the multiply functions of IP to accelerate the practical application of SSLMBs.
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