In this study, we developed a formaldehydefree adhesive from abundant, renewable, and inexpensive soy flour (SF). The main ingredients of this adhesive included SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), and maleic anhydride (MA). The optimum formulation of this adhesive and the optimum hot-press conditions for making plywood were investigated. A three-cycle soak test and a boiling water test (BWT) were employed for evaluating the strength and water-resistance of plywood bonded with this adhesive. Results showed that SF, PEI, MA and sodium hydroxide were all essential components for the adhesive and the SF/ PEI/MA weight ratio of 7/1.0/0.32 resulted in the highest water-resistance. When the hot-press temperature was in the range of 140-170°C, both water-resistance and shear strength of plywood bonded with the adhesive remained statistically the same, except that the dry shear strength of plywood at 170°C was statistically lower than that at 160°C. When the hot-press time ranged from 2 to 6 min, the plywood panels at 5 min had the highest boiling water test/wet (BWT/w) shear strength. The plywood panels made at 5 min had a higher dry shear strength than those made at 3 min. Plywood panels bonded with this SF/PEI/ MA adhesive exceeded the requirements for interior applications.
L-Lysine (L-Lys) is an essential amino acid that plays fundamental roles in protein synthesis. Many nuclear phosphorylated proteins such as Stat5 and mTOR regulate milk protein synthesis. However, the details of milk protein synthesis control at the transcript and translational levels are not well known. In this current study, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)/MS-based proteomic technology was used to identify phosphoproteins responsible for milk protein synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). The effect of L-Lys on DCMECs was analyzed by CASY technology and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that cell proliferation ability and β-casein expression were enhanced in DCMECs treated with L-Lys. By phosphoproteomics analysis, six proteins, including MAPK1, were identified up-expressed in DCMECs treated with 1.2 mM L-Lys for 24 h, and were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Overexpression and siRNA inhibition of MAPK1 experiments showed that MAPK1 upregulated milk protein synthesis through Stat5 and mTOR pathway. These findings that MAPK1 involves in regulation of milk synthesis shed new insights for understanding the mechanisms of milk protein synthesis.
Abstract:The impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the headwater catchment of the Tarim River Basin (TRB), the largest inland river basin in China, were assessed using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) macro-scale hydrological model. The Delta method, a relatively simple and widely used method for constructing regional climate change scenarios for impact assessment, was used to project climate change scenarios based on GCM A2 and B2 scenarios. Projected meteorological variables for these two scenarios were inputted to the VIC model to simulate hydrological changes. The impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration and runoff in the catchment were assessed. Results showed that the runoff in winter exhibited a decreasing trend. As runoff in winter is mainly generated from snowmelt, this could have resulted from a decreasing trend in air temperature. Runoff in spring exhibited an increasing trend, which may be beneficial to agriculture. Overall, runoff in the study area showed a slight decreasing trend, while evapotranspiration exhibited an increasing trend. These results imply that water availability in the TRB is likely to become more critical in the future.
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