Radiation‐induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the most common and fatal complications of thoracic radiotherapy. It is characterized with two main features including early radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis in later phase. This study was to investigate the potential radioprotective effects of polydatin (PD), which was shown to exert anti‐inflammation and anti‐oxidative capacities in other diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that PD‐mitigated acute inflammation and late fibrosis caused by irradiation. PD treatment inhibited TGF‐β1‐Smad3 signalling pathway and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Moreover, radiation‐induced imbalance of Th1/Th2 was also alleviated by PD treatment. Besides its free radical scavenging capacity, PD induced a huge increase of Sirt3 in culture cells and lung tissues. The level of Nrf2 and PGC1α in lung tissues was also elevated. In conclusion, our data showed that PD attenuated radiation‐induced lung injury through inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition and increased the expression of Sirt3, suggesting PD as a novel potential radioprotector for RILI.

Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response. The dysfunction of DCs contributes to tumor evasion and growth. Here we report our findings on the dysfunction of DCs in radiation-induced thymic lymphomas, and the up-regulation of the expression of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), and the level of triacylglycerol (TAG) in serum after total body irradiation, which contribute to DCs lipid accumulation. DCs with high lipid content showed low expression of co-stimulatory molecules and DCs-related cytokines, and were not able to effectively stimulate allogeneic T cells. Normalization of lipid abundance in DCs with an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase restored the function of DCs. A high-fat diet promoted radiation-induced thymic lymphoma growth. In all, our study shows that dysfunction of DCs in radiation-induced thymic lymphomas was due to lipid accumulation and may represent a new mechanism in radiation-induced carcinogenesis.

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The small intestine is one of the most sensitive organs to irradiation injury, and the development of high effective radioprotectants especially with low toxicity for intestinal radiation sickness is urgently needed. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) was found to be radioprotective in our previous study, while its effect against the intestinal radiation injury remained unknown. In the present study, we firstly determined the intestinal apoptosis after irradiation injury according to the TUNEL assay. Subsequently, we adopted the immunofluorescence technique to assess the expression levels of different biomarkers including Ki67, γ-H2AX, and defensin 1 in vivo. Additionally, the inflammatory cytokines were detected by RT-PCR. Our data indicated that MPLA could protect the intestine from ionizing radiation (IR) damage through activating TLR4 signal pathway and regulating the inflammatory cytokines. This research shed new light on the protective effect of the novel TLR4 agonist MPLA against intestine detriment induced by IR.

Postoperative adhesion is a common post-surgery complication formed between the surface of the body cavity, ranging from a layer of connective tissue to a fibrous bridge containing blood vessels and nerve tissue. Despite achieving a lot of progress, the mechanisms of adhesion formation still need to be further studied. In addition, few current treatments are consistently effective in the prevention of postoperative adhesion. Hydrogel is a kind of water-expanding crosslinked hydrophilic polymer network generated by a simple reaction of one or more monomers. Due to the porous structure, hydrogels can load different drugs and control the drug release kinetics. Evidence from existing studies has confirmed the feasibility and superiority of using hydrogels to counter postoperative adhesions, primarily due to their outstanding antifouling ability. In this review, the current research status of hydrogels as anti-adhesion barriers is summarized, the character of hydrogels in the prevention of postoperative adhesion is briefly introduced, and future research directions are discussed.

Background: Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) often causes severe damage to radiosensitive tissues, which limits the use of radiotherapy in cancer patients. Novel safe and effective radioprotectant is urgently required. It has been reported toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a critical role in radioresistance. In this study, we demonstrated the protective effects of Heat-Killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HKMT), a potent TLR2 agonist, against IR. Methods: Cell survival and apoptosis were determined by CCK-8 assay and Annexin V assay, respectively. An immunofluorescence staining assay was used to detect the translocation of nuclear faktor-kappa beta (NF-kB) p65. Tissue damage was evaluated by Haematoxilin-Eosin (HE) staining assay. We also used a flow cytometry assay to measure the number of nucleated cells and CD34+ hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. A western blot assay was used to detect the changes of proteins involving TLR signaling pathway. Results: We found that HKMT increased cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis after irradiation. HKMT induced NF-kB translocation and activated Erk1/2, p38 signaling pathway. HKMT also protected bone marrow and testis from destruction. Radiation-induced decreases of nucleated cells and CD34+ hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow were also inhibited by HKMT treatment. We found that radiation caused increase of inflammatory cytokines was also suppressed by HKMT. Conclusion: Our data showed that HKMT exhibited radioprotective effects in vivo and in vitro through activating NF-kB and MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting a potential of HKMT as novel radioprotector.

Purpose: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to be highly radioresistant but the mechanisms associated with radioresistance have remained elusive. We found DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) frequently downregulated in RCC, is associated with radioresistance. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism regulating radioresistance by DAB2IP and developed appropriate treatment.Experimental Design: Several RCC lines with or without DAB2IP expression were irradiated with ionizing radiation (IR) for determining their radiosensitivities based on colony formation assay. To investigate the underlying regulatory mechanism of DAB2IP, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry was performed to identify DAB2IP-interactive proteins. PARP-1 expression and enzymatic activity were determined using qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA.In vivo ubiquitination assay was used to test PARP-1 degradation. Furthermore, in vivo mice xenograft model and patientderived xenograft (PDX) model were used to determine the effect of combination therapy to sensitizing tumors to IR.Results: We notice that DAB2IP-deficient RCC cells acquire IR-resistance. Mechanistically, DAB2IP can form a complex with PARP-1 and E3 ligases that is responsible for degrading PARP-1. Indeed, elevated PARP-1 levels are associated with the IR resistance in RCC cells. Furthermore, PARP-1 inhibitor can enhance the IR response of either RCC xenograft model or PDX model.Conclusions: In this study, we unveil that loss of DAB2IP resulted in elevated PARP-1 protein is associated with IRresistance in RCC. These results provide a new targeting strategy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy of RCC. Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): E

Ionizing radiation causes severe damage to human body, and normal tissue toxicity in cancer radiotherapy also limits its further application. It is urgently required to develop safe and effective radioprotector. Our previous study has shown that toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) was dispensable for basal radiation resistance. However, severe toxicity of its traditional agonist lipopolysaccharide limits the clinical application. In present study, we demonstrated that monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a potent TLR4 agonist with low toxicity, effectively attenuated radiation injury on in vitro and in vivo. MPLA increased cell survival and inhibited cell apoptosis after irradiation, and cell cycle arrest was also inhibited. Radiosensitive tissues including spleen, intestine, bone marrow and testis were protected from radiation damages in a TLR4 dependent manner. We also found that myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) accounted more than Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) for the radioprotective effects of MPLA. In conclusion, our finding suggests TLR4 agonist MPLA as a safe and effective radioprotector for clinical application.