ObjectivePerinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of epilepsy and chronic neurologic morbidity in premature infants. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of acute seizures and the pattern of background activity on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in neonatal rats with HIE.MethodsHypoxia–ischemia (HI) was induced in postnatal day (P) 3 neonatal rats (n = 12) by ligation of the left carotid artery and exposure to airtight hypoxia for 2 h. Data regarding seizure type, frequency, and duration and those related to neurobehavioral development were collected, and the integrated power of background EEG was analyzed to evaluate the effect of HI.ResultsAll neonatal rats in the HI group experienced frequent seizures during hypoxia, and 83.3% of rats (10/12) experienced seizures immediately after hypoxia. Seizure frequency and duration gradually decreased with increasing age. The mortality rate of the HI group was 8.33% (1/12); 120 h after HI induction, only 27.3% (3/11) of pups had low-frequency and short-duration electrographic seizures, respectively. HI rats, which presented seizure activities 96 h after HI insult, exhibited an increase in righting reflex time and a decrease in forelimb grip reflex time. Background EEG was significantly inhibited during HI induction and immediately after hypoxia and gradually recovered 72 h after hypoxia.ConclusionSeizures caused by HI brain damage in premature infants can be simulated in the P3 neonatal rat model.
Objective Sleep is necessary for brain maturation in infants. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of chronic neurological disease in infants. Although the developmental changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) in human newborns have been described, little is known about the EEG normal maturation characteristics in rodents and the changes in sleep-awake states caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI). This study aimed to investigate the pathological response of sleep-wake states in neonatal rats with HIE. Methods We constructed HIE and sham models on postnatal day (P) 3 rats and continuously monitored them using electroencephalography and electromyography for up to P12. The distribution of sleep-wake states was analyzed to estimate the effects of HIE. Results Compared with the sham group, the HI group showed lower rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage, but wake percentage and frequency was higher during P4-P12. The frequency of REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep increased and the duration of REM and NREM sleep decreased after HI induction. However, it gradually returned to the normal level with an increase in daytime. Conclusion HI damage alters the sleep-wake patterns during early neural development. The findings provide a comprehensive assessment of serial sleep-wake state recordings in neonatal rats from P4-P12.
Purpose This study aimed to analyze the growth of preterm infants after birth regarding weight, length, and head circumference (HC) and determine the risk factors affecting their catch-up growth. Methods Anthropometric data and clinical information from 288 preterm infants were collected. Z-scores were calculated using the World Health Organization Anthro software. Logistic regression analysis assessed the risk factors for catch-up growth in preterm births. Results The percentage of preterm infants with z-scores <-1.3 for weight, length, and HC decreased from 13.78%, 11.31%, and 7.42–6.81%, 4.26%, and 4.68%, respectively, between 0 and 24 months of corrected age (CA). The weight z-score increased between CA 0 and 3 months in non-small for gestational age (SGA); the increased weight z-score in SGA extended to CA 9 months. Non-SGA had elevated length z-scores from CA 0 to 6 months, and SGA length z-scores were elevated for an extended period until CA 9 months. Z-score differences in weight and length of SGA and non-SGA preterm infants decreased with increasing CA. Gestational age (OR = 2.814, 95%CI: 1.32–5.997) and birth weight (OR = 0.998, 95%CI: 0.997–0.999) were risk factors for catch-up growth at CA 24 months. Conclusion Most catch-up growth occurs in the first year of life. Compared to the non-SGA group, preterm infants in the SGA group showed more pronounced and prolonged catch-up growth, particularly in weight and length. We concluded that gestational age and birth weight were risk factors for catch-up growth.
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