For Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, how to measure the uncertainty of basic probability assignment (BPA) is still an open question. Deng entropy is one of the methods for measuring the uncertainty of Dempster–Shafer evidence. Recently, some limitations of Deng entropy theory are found. For overcoming these limitations, some modified theories are given based on Deng entropy. However, only one special situation is considered in each theory method. In this paper, a unified form of the belief entropy is proposed on the basis of Deng entropy. In the new proposed method, the scale of the frame of discernment (FOD) and the relative scale of a focal element with reference to FOD are considered. Meanwhile, for an example, some properties of the belief entropy are obtained based on a special situation of a unified form. Some numerical examples are illustrated to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed belief entropy.
For non-ellipsoidal extended targets and group targets tracking (NETT and NGTT), using an ellipsoid to approximate the target extension may not be accurate enough because of the lack of shape and orientation information. In consideration of this, we model a non-ellipsoidal extended target or target group as a combination of multiple ellipsoidal sub-objects, each represented by a random matrix. Based on these models, an improved gamma Gaussian inverse Wishart probability hypothesis density (GGIW-PHD) filter is proposed to estimate the measurement rates, kinematic states, and extension states of the sub-objects for each extended target or target group. For maneuvering NETT and NGTT, a multi-model (MM) approach based GGIW-PHD (MM-GGIW-PHD) filter is proposed. The common and the individual dynamics of the sub-objects belonging to the same extended target or target group are described by means of the combination between the overall maneuver model and the sub-object models. For the merging of updating components, an improved merging criterion and a new merging method are derived. A specific implementation of prediction partition with pseudo-likelihood method is presented. Two scenarios for non-maneuvering and maneuvering NETT and NGTT are simulated. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Summary
Proper stamen filament elongation is essential for plant self‐pollination and reproduction. Several phytohormones such as jasmonate and gibberellin play important roles in controlling filament elongation, but other endogenous signals involved in this developmental process remain unknown.
We report here that three EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR‐LIKE (EPFL) family peptides, EPFL4, EPFL5 and EPFL6, act redundantly to promote stamen filament elongation via enhancing filament cell proliferation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knockout of EPFL4‐6 genes led to shortened filaments due to defective filament cell proliferation, resulting in pollination failure and male sterility.
Further genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that the ERECTA family and the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) family RLKs form receptor complexes to perceive EPFL4‐6 peptides and promote filament cell proliferation. Moreover, based on both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function genetic analyses, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade MKK4/MKK5‐MPK6 was shown to function downstream of EPFL4‐6 to positively regulate cell proliferation in stamen filaments.
Together, this study reveals that an EPFL peptide signaling pathway composed of the EPFL4‐6 peptide ligands, the ERECTA‐SERK receptor complexes and the downstream MKK4/MKK5‐MPK6 cascade promotes stamen filament elongation via enhancing filament cell proliferation to ensure successful self‐pollination and normal fertility in Arabidopsis.
China has become the second largest emitter of CO 2 in the world. As one of the largest energy consumers, urban residential buildings are required to reduce energy consumption. However nearly all existing urban residential buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region of China were built with poor thermal quality. Increasing a building's energy performance has proven to be very helpful in alleviating the pressure of energy shortages and in reducing CO 2 emissions. After analyzing the climate of the region, the economic development and existing urban residential buildings of Hangzhou city, one typical building is selected as a case study. Six rational renovation plans, based upon the national and regional standards, are advanced after analyzing their feasibility in simulations and in practice. The energy saving effects of the plans are analyzed using the feedback coefficient method, the reduction of CO 2 emissions by a simple LCCO 2 method and the costs by a simple LCC method, all for a 40-year residual life span. Based upon these results a suitable plan is developed. The results show that the renovation of existing residential buildings, through the thermal insulation of their building envelopes, is very beneficial in reducing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions.
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