Bacteria are widely distributed in the natural environment and the surfaces of objects, bringing about much trouble in our lives. Varies nanomaterials have been demonstrated good effect on killing microbe, but the consistency and stability seem to be improved. Recently, antibacterial effect on surfaces of some natural nanostructures was recognized, and more and more evidences were provided as a new type of bactericidal mechanism, the physical sterilization. The dragonfly and cicada wings have been found to possess the most exceptional antibacterial properties because of the specific nanostructure. Inspired by the biofunctions, researchers began to build a series of physico-antimicrobial surfaces on different materials to avoid the abuse of antibiotics and the environmental pollution of organic antibacterial agents. The physico-antimicrobial structure does not rely on chemical components, and a series of physico-antimicrobial models have been established. To deeply understand the physically bactericidal effect, this article reviews a series of natural and biomimetic physical antibacterial surfaces and makes reasonable expectations for the application of such composite materials in constructing physical antibacterial surfaces.
In this article, the flower-like, urchin-like, and rod-like ZnOs were synthesized by a convenient atmospheric hydrothermal method. The crystalline structures, morphologies, exposed crystal faces, and specific surface areas of the as-prepared ZnO samples were analyzed. Rhodamine B (RhB) was used as the simulated pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the ZnO nanostructures. The flower-like ZnO prepared by controlled hydrothermal method at room temperature for 2 h displayed highest specific surface area and exposed more high active { 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 } \{2\bar{1}\bar{1}0\} facets compared to the other two morphologies of ZnO. In addition, within 2 h of the photocatalytic reaction, the flower-like ZnO results in 99.3% degradation of RhB and produces the most hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) 47.83 μmol/g and superoxide anions (˙ O 2 − {\text{O}}_{2}^{-} ) 102.78 μmol/g. Due to the existence of oxygen vacancies on the surface of { 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 } \{2\bar{1}\bar{1}0\} facets, the flower-like ZnO can efficiently catalyze the production of active oxygen, leading to the improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency.
The alarm has been ringing over the gradually increasing drug-resistant bacteria, which calls for the development of safer antibacterial materials. Photosensitive antibacterials are considered as a promising alternative solution due to their unique light-activated antimicrobial mechanism, which in-situ produces highly reactive oxygen species on the multiple and variable active sites for the inactivation of various microbes. However, there are some factors, including phototoxicity, oxygen consumption and the risk of microbial contamination, greatly limit the efficiency and application of photosensitisers (PSs) in practical biomedical applications. Some studies have explored the synergistic effects of PSs by antibiotics, photothermal agents, antibacterial nanoparticles and biofilm-disrupting enzymes. Moreover, novel synergistic methods for improving the antibacterial ability of PSs under low-energy irradiation, hypoxia conditions and dull conditions, have been rarely reviewed yet. Herein, the authors summarised some synergistic methods and related applications of surface-functionalised photosensitive antimicrobials, which were prepared with organic antimicrobial materials, superhydrophobic surfaces, upconversion nanoparticles and energy storage structures in recent years. Finally, the authors presented the advantages and challenges of these synergistic mechanisms, and further analysed the development trend and application prospects of the surface-functionalised photosensitive antibacterials in biomedical fields. 2 Photosensitive antibacterials with synergistic effects 2.1 Organic antibacterial materials and photosensitive antibacterials Compensating the defects of PSs through the synergistic effect of antibacterial materials is a convenient method. Organic antibacterial agents can be combined with PSs by chemical bonds to change the water solubility and the molecular weight of PSs while exerting synergistic antibacterial action. The following Biosurface and Biotribology
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