Abstract.Alantolactone is the active ingredient in frankincense, and is extracted from the dry root of elecampane. It has a wide variety of uses, including as an insect repellent, antibacterial, antidiuretic, analgesic and anticancer agent. In addition, alantolactone induces apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells, however, its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated whether alantolactone was able to induce apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells, and its potential mechanisms of action were analyzed. Treatment of HeLa cells with alantolactone (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 µM) for 12 h significantly inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner. Cells treated with 30 µM of alantolactone for 0, 3, 6 and 12 h demonstrated marked induction of apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Treatment of HeLa cells with 30 µM of alantolactone for 0, 3, 6 and 12 h significantly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited glutathione (GSH) production in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Alantolactone additionally markedly inhibited the Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway in HeLa cells. Therefore, administration of alantolactone induced apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells via ROS generation, GSH depletion and inhibition of the Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway.
An ionic liquid was incorporated into the porous polymer monoliths to afford stationary phases with enhanced chromatographic performance for small molecules in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The effect of the ionic liquid in the polymerization mixture on the performance of the monoliths was studied in detail. While monoliths without ionic liquid exhibited poor resolution and low efficiency, the addition of ionic liquid to the polymerization mixture provides highly increased resolution and high efficiency. The chromatographic performances of the monoliths were demonstrated by the separations of various small molecules including aromatic hydrocarbons, isomers, and homologues using a binary polar mobile phase. The present column efficiency reached 27 000 plates/m, which showed that the ionic liquid monoliths are alternative stationary phases in the separation of small molecules by high-performance liquid chromatography.
A novel polymer-based monolith for high performance liquid chromatography was fabricated via atom transfer radical polymerization without the expensive complexing ligand, in which methyl methacrylate was used as the monomer, vinyl ester resin as a cross-linker, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/ dodecanol as the porogen, carbon tetrachloride as the initiator and ferrous chloride as the catalytic agent. The morphology of the monolith was studied using scanning electronic microscopy. The chemical groups of the monolith were assayed using the infrared spectroscopy method. The pore size distribution was determined using a mercury porosimeter and nitrogen absorption-desorption isotherms. The monolith was used to separate lysozyme from chicken egg white in a short time with good resolution and reproducibility. The effects of pH and buffer concentration on elution have been investigated. In addition, the monolith was used to separate a mixture of proteins (bovine serum albumin, papain and lysozyme) and aromatic compounds with good resolution.
Ionic liquid was used to prepare a monolith. The resulting porous monolith had a high specific surface area and was used as the stationary phase for HPLC, showing excellent performance to separate small molecules and protein.
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