This paper considers the second-order sliding (2-sliding) mode control design problem for nonlinear systems with uncertainties bounded by positive functions. Two different 2-sliding mode control algorithms are proposed, including a discontinuous one and a quasi-continuous one. The discontinuous algorithm is built based upon Lyapunov method, and the global finite-time Lyapunov stability rather than global finite-time convergence is established for the resulting closed-loop system by using the modified adding a power integrator technique. On this basis, a quasi-continuous 2-sliding mode algorithm is further developed, and the chattering problem can be considerably reduced.Simulation results show that the control strategies proposed in this paper are effective.Index Terms-Sliding mode control, finite-time stability, adding a power integrator.
Triptolide is a trace natural product of Tripterygium wilfordii. It has antitumor activities, particularly against pancreatic cancer cells. Identification of genes and elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway leading to triptolide are the prerequisite for heterologous bioproduction. Here, we report a reference-grade genome of T. wilfordii with a contig N50 of 4.36 Mb. We show that copy numbers of triptolide biosynthetic pathway genes are impacted by a recent whole-genome triplication event. We further integrate genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data to map a gene-to-metabolite network. This leads to the identification of a cytochrome P450 (CYP728B70) that can catalyze oxidation of a methyl to the acid moiety of dehydroabietic acid in triptolide biosynthesis. We think the genomic resource and the candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal triptolide biosynthetic pathway and consequently the heterologous bioproduction.
1‐Deoxy‐d‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first enzyme in the plant 2‐C‐methyl‐d‐erythritol 4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoid synthesis. TwDXS is a prominent protein in the Tripterygium wilfordii proteome, with especially high expression in the root periderm. It is significantly regulated by methyl jasmonate. Here, we studied the influence of TwDXS expression on bioactive terpenoids in T. wilfordii. Specific fragments of TwDXS (GenBank: AKP20998.1) with lengths of 2148 and 437 bp were amplified to construct the overexpression (OE) and RNA‐interference (RNAi) vectors, respectively. After transformation of suspension cells, the expression of TwDXS and genes related to the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway was measured using qRT‐PCR. TwDXS mRNA level was 153 and 43% of the control in the OE and RNAi lines. Related genes in the 2‐C‐methyl‐d‐erythritol 4‐phosphate (MEP), mevalonic acid (MVA) and downstream pathways showed similar trends to the changes of TwDXS expression. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) was employed to measure the accumulation of terpenoids. Importantly, the triptolide content showed significant differences in both the TwDXS OE (222.35% of the control) and RNAi (34.86% of the control). However, there were no obvious changes in the celastrol content. In this study, we verified that the expression of TwDXS affects triptolide but not celastrol in T. wilfordii via both TwDXS OE and RNAi experiments.
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