Vibrio species (Vibrio sp.) is a class of Gram-negative aquatic bacteria that causes vibriosis in aquaculture, which have resulted in big economic losses. Utilization of antibiotics against vibriosis has brought concerns on antibiotic resistance, and it is essential to explore potential antibiotic alternatives. In this study, seven compounds (compounds 1–7) were isolated from the Arctic endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. Z2230, among which compounds 3, 4, and 5 showed anti-Vibrio activity. The structures of the seven compounds were comprehensively elucidated, and the antibacterial mechanism of compounds 3, 4, and 5 was explored by molecular docking. The results suggested that the anti-Vibrio activity could come from inhibition of the bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF). This study discovered three Penicillium-derived compounds to be potential lead molecules for developing novel anti-Vibrio agents, and identified PDF as a promising antibacterial target. It also expanded the bioactive diversity of polar endophytic fungi by showing an example in which the secondary metabolites of a polar microbe were a good source of natural medicine. Graphical Abstract
Vibrio species (Vibrio sp.) is a class of gram-negative aquatic bacteria that causes vibriosis in aquaculture and leads to big economic losses. Antibiotics have been used to control vibriosis, but concerns on antibiotic resistance keep raising. Natural products are important sources of drug lead compounds that provide potential antibiotic alternatives. In this study, seven compounds were isolated from the Arctic endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. Z2230 and determined for the structures. Among these seven compounds, compounds 3, 4, and 5 showed anti-Vibrio activity, and the antibacterial mechanisms were explored by molecular docking. The results suggested that the anti-Vibrio activities could come from the inhibition of bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF). The data indicate that these Penicillium-derived compounds are potential lead molecules for developing novel anti-Vibrio agents, and PDF is a promising antibacterial target. This study expands the bioactive diversity of polar endophytic fungi by showing a good example in which the secondary metabolites of a polar microbe are a good source of natural medicine.
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