This article aims to investigate the Grand Challenges which arise in the current and emerging landscape of rapid technological evolution towards more intelligent interactive technologies, coupled with increased and widened societal needs, as well as individual and collective expectations that HCI, as a discipline, is called upon to address. A perspective oriented to humane and social values is adopted, formulating the challenges in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Seven Grand Challenges are identified and presented in this article: Human-Technology Symbiosis; Human-Environment Interactions; Ethics, Privacy and Security; Well-being, Health and Eudaimonia; Accessibility and Universal Access; Learning and Creativity; and Social Organization and Democracy. Although not exhaustive, they summarize the views and research priorities of an international interdisciplinary group of experts, reflecting different scientific perspectives, methodological approaches and application domains. Each identified Grand Challenge is analyzed in terms of: concept and problem definition; main research issues involved and state of the art; and associated emerging requirements. BACKGROUNDThis article presents the results of the collective effort of a group of 32 experts involved in the community of the Human Computer Interaction International (HCII) Conference series. The group's collaboration started in early 2018 with the collection of opinions from all group members, each asked to independently list and describe five HCI grand challenges. During a one-day meeting held on the 20th July 2018 in the context of the HCI International 2018 Conference in Las Vegas, USA, the identified topics were debated and challenges were formulated in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Further analysis and consolidation led to a set of seven Grand Challenges presented herein. This activity was organized and supported by the HCII Conference series.

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We investigated the anti-tumour effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of a new oral histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), chidamide, in NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL), a rare and highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor outcomes. SNT-8 and SNK-10 NKTCL cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of chidamide for the indicated time. The treated cells were analysed for cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell apoptosis. Proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and the DNA damage response (DDR) cell cycle checkpoint pathway were measured by Western blotting. Chidamide inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase, and induced apoptosis in the NKTCL cell lines. In addition, we found that chidamide suppressed the phosphorylation levels of proteins in the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activated the DDR cell cycle checkpoint pathway, that is, the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 pathway. Expression of EBV genes was also assessed by Real-Time PCR. Chidamide induced EBV lytic-phase gene expression in EBV-positive NKTCL. Our results provide evidence that chidamide shows antitumour effects by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways and activating the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signalling pathway in vitro.

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