Recently, bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) were
found to play
an important role in regulating bone homeostasis. However, few studies
utilized BMECs to treat bone metabolic diseases including osteoporosis.
Here, we reported bioinspired nanovesicles (BNVs) prepared from human
induced pluripotent stem cells-derived endothelial cells under hypoxia
culture through an extrusion approach. Abundant membrane C-X-C motif
chemokine receptor 4 conferred these BNVs bone-targeting ability and
the endothelial homology facilitated the BMEC tropism. Due to their
unique endogenous miRNA cargos, these BNVs re-educated BMECs to secret
cytokines favoring osteogenesis and anti-inflammation. Owing to the
conversion of secretory phenotype, the osteogenic differentiation
of bone mesenchymal stem cells was facilitated, and the M1-macrophage-dominant
pro-inflammatory microenvironment was ameliorated in osteoporotic
bones. Taken together, this study proposed BMEC-targeting nanovesicles
treating osteoporosis via converting the skeletal
endothelium-associated secretory phenotype.
Cancer is the outcome of the conflict between the host immune system and cancer cells. The crosstalk between immune cells and tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences tumor progression and metastasis. Many studies have clarified the cellular and molecular events that can induce cancer cells to escape immune surveillance, including those involving tumor‐induced myeloid cell‐mediated immunosuppression. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor‐infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) accelerate tumor growth and induce angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance once converted into potent immunosuppressive cells. Here, how tumor infiltrating myeloid cells participate in tumor immune evasion and the prospects of these cells in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), defined as a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes, have received much attention over recent years. They can be categorized into three subsets according to the expression profiles of transcription factors and differing levels of cytokine production. These cells are widely distributed in human organs and tissues, especially in mucosal tissue. The ILCs are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, worm expulsion, autoimmune disease and tumor progression, many of which have been investigated and clarified in recent studies. In the tumor microenvironment, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been proved to be able to either promote or inhibit tumor progression by producing different cytokines, recruiting diverse types of immune cells, expressing immunosuppressive molecules and by regulating the expression of certain inflammatory factors. This review summarizes recent research progress on the immunomodulatory functions of ILC2s in the tumor microenvironment and puts forward some perspectives for future study.
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