BackgroundGlutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, primarily through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, may be an important cause of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death in glaucoma and several other retinal diseases. Bis(7)-tacrine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptors antagonist that can prevent glutamate-induced hippocampal neurons damage. We tested the effects of bis(7)-tacrine against glutamate-induced rat RGCs damage in vitro and in vivo.ResultsIn cultured neonatal rats RGCs, the MTT assay showed that glutamate induced a concentration- and time-dependent toxicity. Bis(7)-tacrine and memantine prevented glutamate-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 0.028 μM and 0.834 μM, respectively. The anti-apoptosis effects of bis(7)-tacrine were confirmed by annexin V-FITC/PI staining. In vivo, TUNEL analysis and retrograde labeling analysis found that pretreatment with bis(7)-tacrine(0.2 mg/kg) induced a significant neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced RGCs damage.ConclusionsOur results showed that bis(7)-tacrine had neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced RGCs damage in vitro and in vivo, possibly through the drug's anti-NMDA receptor effects. These findings make bis(7)-tacrine potentially useful for treating a variety of ischemic or traumatic retinopathies inclusive of glaucoma.
Background: To investigate the ability of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) during macular hole (MH) surgery to image different hole edge configurations and predict the restoration of retinal microstructure and visual outcomes. Methods: This retrospective case series study included 53 MH patients. One eye each was assessed with iOCT during vitrectomy after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. The MHs were categorized into three groups according to the morphology of the hole edge. The Hole-Door group had vertical pillars of tissue that projected into the vitreous cavity after ILM peeling. The Foveal Flap group had a preoperative foveal flap that adhered to the hole edge after ILM peeling, and the Negative group had neither a hole-door nor a foveal flap. At 6 months after surgery, the retinal microstructure restoration and visual outcomes were compared among the groups. Results: All eyes had MH closure, and the postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly improved compared with the preoperative BCVA (P < 0.001). The Hole-Door group (n = 15) and Foveal Flap group (n = 14) had significantly better final visual acuity and postoperative restoration of the external limiting membrane (ELM) than the Negative group (n = 24) (P = 0.002, P = 0.012). For the group in which the MH diameter (MHD) was ≤400 μm (n = 25), there were no significant differences in ELM restoration, ellipsoid zone (EZ) restoration, or BCVA among the three groups (P = 0.516, P = 0.179, and P = 0.179 respectively). For the MHD > 400-μm group (n = 28, the Hole-Door group and Foveal Flap group had significantly better final visual acuity and restoration of ELM than the Negative group (P = 0.013, P = 0.005). Conclusions: The novel use of iOCT during MH surgery confirmed the presence of hole edges configured as doorholes, foveal flaps, or neither. The data acquired by iOCT can provide useful predictive information for postoperative restoration of the retinal microstructure and visual outcome of MH, especially large ones.
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