To estimate genetic parameters of growth traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, full-sib and half-sib families were produced in three consecutive years at the Beidaihe Central Experiment Station in China. Each year 8-28 families were produced. The body weight, body length and body depth at 180, 240, and 360 days of age were measured for 5,224 individuals. Four animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of growth traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. The results showed that estimates for additive genetic effect heritabilities varied greatly depending on the model, trait and age. The maternal effect had a significant impact on phenotypic variation only for body depth at 180 days of age, which explained 49% of the phenotypic variance. The ratio of full-sib effect to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.09 to 0.22. Growth traits all exhibited low heritability (0.13-0.39), indicating that there is the potential for family selection breeding for these traits in Japanese flounder. Using the full model with the fixed, full-sib family, additive and maternal genetic effects, genetic correlations among the three traits for fish of the same age were estimated to be more than 0.80. Generally, the genetic correlations gradually increased as age increased.
Aryl radicals, generated by Ru‐catalyzed photolytic cleavage of diaryliodonium salt, undergo efficient coupling with arenes and hetarenes to afford a wide range of biaryls.
Aryl radicals produced by irradiation of diaryliodonium salts with visible light under the catalysis of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ undergo coupling with a wide range of arenes and heteroarenes, affording various biaryls through direct C-H arylation at room temperature.
An effective visible-light-promoted 'radical-type' coupling of benzoxazole with secondary amines has been developed. The broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions make this procedure a practical and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 2-aminobenzoxazoles.
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