In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
Maillard reaction that occurs during the manufacturing processes of red ginseng produces a large amount of Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs), such as arginyl‐fructose (AF). The antioxidant, anti‐hyperglycemic immune enhancing effects of AF have been reported. Amino acid derivatives such as AF are formed through amadori rearrangement, the early step of maillard reaction from arginine and glucose in heat processed foods. Heat processed red ginseng have high content of AF and saponins. In this study inhibitory activities of red ginseng extract (RG) and AF‐enriched red ginseng extract (ARG) against rat intestinal α‐glucosidases (sucrase, maltase, and glucoamylase) and α‐amylase were evaluated using in‐vitro and Sprague Dawley (SD) rat models. The in‐vitro results showed that ARG have higher α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities than those of RG in a dose‐dependent manner. In SD rat model, postprandial blood glucose levels were measured for 3 hours after oral administration of 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg‐body weight of ARG or RG along with sucrose or starch. The postprandial blood glucose lowering effects of ARG and RG were compared to a known type 2 diabetes medicine (Acarbose®), a strong α‐glucosidase inhibitor in the SD rat model. In rats fed on sucrose, ARG significantly reduced the blood glucose spike after sucrose loading (p < 0.01). The maximum blood glucose concentration (Cmax) in ARG‐treated SD rats (0.1 g‐ARG/kg) was significantly lower than in RG‐treated SD rats (p < 0.01). These results suggest that AF‐enriched red ginseng could have a beneficial effect for blood glucose management relevant to diabetes prevention in normal and pre‐diabetic individuals via inhibition of the carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes in the colon. AF, ARCs may have high potential as a material for the development of products, nutritious foods with antidiabetic activity. Our findings provide a pharmacological rationale and the basis for further clinical study for AF‐enriched natural products such as ginseng and red ginseng.
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