BackgroundClimate change affects the survival and transmission of arthropod vectors as well as the development rates of vector-borne pathogens. Increased international travel is also an important factor in the spread of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, chikungunya, and malaria. Dengue is the most important vector-borne viral disease. An estimated 2.5 billion people are at risk of infection in the world and there are approximately 50 million dengue infections and an estimated 500,000 individuals are hospitalized with dengue haemorrhagic fever annually. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is one of the vectors of dengue virus, and populations already exist on Jeju Island, South Korea. Currently, colder winter temperatures kill off Asian tiger mosquito populations and there is no evidence of the mosquitos being vectors for the dengue virus in this location. However, dengue virus-bearing mosquito vectors can inflow to Jeju Island from endemic area such as Vietnam by increased international travel, and this mosquito vector's survival during colder winter months will likely occur due to the effects of climate change.Methods and ResultsIn this section, we show the geographical distribution of medically important mosquito vectors such as Ae. albopictus, a vector of both dengue and chikungunya viruses; Culex pipiens, a vector of West Nile virus; and Anopheles sinensis, a vector of Plasmodium vivax, within Jeju Island, South Korea. We found a significant association between the mean temperature, amount of precipitation, and density of mosquitoes. The phylogenetic analyses show that an Ae. albopictus, collected in southern area of Jeju Island, was identical to specimens found in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, and not Nagasaki, Japan.ConclusionOur results suggest that mosquito vectors or virus-bearing vectors can transmit from epidemic regions of Southeast Asia to Jeju Island and can survive during colder winter months. Therefore, Jeju Island is no longer safe from vector borne diseases (VBDs) due to the effects of globalization and climate change, and we should immediately monitor regional climate change to identify newly emerging VBDs.
Seasonal changes in the abundance of exothermic organisms can be expected with climate change if warmer temperatures can induce changes in their phenology. Given the increased time for ectothermic organism development at lower temperatures, we asked whether population dynamics of the house mosquito, Culex pipiens s.l. (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), in Jeju-do (South Korea), an island with a gradient of warming temperatures from north to south, showed differences in sensitivity to changes in temperature along the warming gradient. In addition, we asked whether synchrony, that is, the degree of concerted fluctuations in mosquito abundance across locations, was affected by the temperature gradient. We found the association of mosquito abundance with temperature to be delayed by 2 wk in the north when compared with the south. The abundance across all our sampling locations had a flat synchrony profile that could reflect impacts of rainfall and average temperature on the average of all our samples. Finally, our results showed that population synchrony across space can emerge even when abundance is differentially impacted by an exogenous factor across an environmental gradient.
12Background 13 Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) is the major outdoor allergen for spring pollinosis and 14 seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) caused by JCP is the most common disease in Jeju Island, 15South Korea and in Japan. Prior to our research, JCP counts were strongly temperature 16 dependent and were significantly associated with the JCP sensitization rate and JC 17 pollinosis. This event may still be ongoing due to the effects of global climate change, 18 such as increasing temperature. 19 20 Methods and Finding 21For these reasons, we are studying the correlation among increasing temperatures, the 22 JCP counts in the atmosphere and the JCP sensitization rate. 23 24 Conclusions 25In this study, our data show that increasing temperatures in January and April might lead 26 to earlier and longer JCP seasons and that earlier and longer JCP seasons lead to an 27 increase in the JCP sensitization rate, which influences the prevalence of JC pollinosis. 28 129 130 Author Contributors 131Conceptualization: Keun Hwa Lee.
The growing presence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the Public Relations (PR) sector is an undeniable reality. Although still early in the journey towards widespread adoption, organizations are progressively infusing AI into their PR approaches. Yet, there's a spectrum of understanding and implementation across practitioners. The objective of this research was to shed light on AI's influence on PR within the context of the Organization-Situation-Public-Communication (OSPC) model. Employing a comprehensive literature review as the research design, we examined a vast array of scholarly articles and industry reports to collect data on AI-driven tools, their application in PR, and the implications at each level of the OSPC model. Results of the study revealed that AI-driven tools were enhancing efficiency, personalizing communications, adapting to situational factors, and cultivating relationships with publics. These advancements, however, came with potential risks, challenges, and ethical considerations that require further investigation. Specifically, AI-driven automation can sometimes overshadow human expertise, raising concerns about trust and transparency in PR communications. The study concluded that there is a critical need for PR practitioners to strike an optimal balance between AI-driven automation and human expertise. Moreover, PR practitioners are encouraged to continuously update their skills and competencies, particularly in data analytics and AI, and adopt transparent communication practices. This study offers valuable insights for practitioners and researchers to effectively navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by this rapidly evolving technology, and to develop more informed and ethical AI-driven PR strategies.
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