Adhesion of the knee is a major concern after knee surgery, the treatment of which is difficult. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection is demonstrated as efficient in treating knee adhesion after surgery. However, the treatment outcomes and the mechanism of action are not yet determined. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects and molecular mechanism of a BTX-A treatment in preventing adhesion of the knee. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into a BTX-A treatment group and a control group. BTX-A or saline was injected into the cavity of the knee in the BTX-A treatment or control group respectively. Gross and histopathological examinations of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) levels, as well as fibroblast cell numbers, were assessed in the knee intra-articular adhesions in each group 6 weeks after recovery from the surgery. Macroscopic observations showed a significant reduction in adhesion severity in the BTX-A treatment group compared with the control group. In addition, the levels of IL-1 and FGF were lower and the number of fibroblasts was smaller in the BTX-A treatment group compared with those in the control group. BTX-A prevented intra-articular adhesion of knee in the rats, which might be associated with reduced expressions of IL-1 and FGF.
The presence of a septum in the first extensor compartment is closely associated with the pathophysiology of de Quervain disease, and affects the efficacy of corticosteroid injection and surgical release. This study aimed to examine the incidence and length of the first extensor compartment septum.Forty sides of the wrists in 20 cadavers were used. The presence of a septum in the first extensor compartment was examined. The septum length was recorded with the radial styloid process as the reference point.The anatomical variations of the first extensor compartment were classified into 3 types. Type I compartment was found in 7 sides in males (29.2%) versus 6 sides in females (37.5%, P = .733), type II was found in 6 sides in males (25%) versus 1 side in females (6.25%, P = .21), and type III was found in 11 sides in males (45.8%) versus 9 sides in females (56.25%, P = .56). There was no significant difference in the septum length between males and females (5.3 ± 2.3 vs 4.8 ± 1.1 mm, P = .54).The incidence of a septum in the first extensor compartment is approximately 50%. The mean septum length is 5 mm. Injection at 5 mm proximal to the radial styloid process has a great chance of delivering the steroids into both subcompartments. Exposure to 5 mm proximal to the radial styloid process can avoid the overlook of subcompartment and achieve adequate decompression of the first extensor compartment.
Existing studies have found that childhood trauma is a risk predictor of cybervictimization, but few studies have explored the relationship between cumulative childhood trauma and college students’ cybervictimization. This study explored the relationship and the roles of Internet addiction and Internet victimization between them. A total of 854 college students (568 females, Mage = 18.92 years, SD = 0.86) completed a survey including the Short Form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Cyberbullying Inventory, the Young’s Internet Addiction Scale, and the revised Roommate Relationships Questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) cumulative childhood trauma was significantly positively associated with cybervictimization; (2) Internet addiction played a mediating role between cumulative childhood trauma and cybervictimization; and (3) roommate relationships played a moderating role between cumulative childhood trauma and cybervictimization, as well as Internet addiction and cybervictimization. The research findings provide a theoretical and practical basis for the prevention and intervention of college students’ cybervictimization.
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