A hypothesis of whether an increase in Ca 2+ due to liming acid soils causes an increase in Ca-phosphates with a concomitant decrease in Al-and Fe-phosphates was tested on a relatively short-term time frame, as observed in the investigations of chemical phosphorus (P) speciation. Soil samples were taken at a deforested site and split into three treatment groups: a control and two CaCO 3 treatments (0.1 and 0.4 g CaCO 3 in 100 g soil). Each soil was incubated at 25±2°C for 40 days. Inorganic-P was partitioned into three fractions: Fraction-A (Al-and occluded Fe-P), Fraction-B (non-occluded Fe-and adsorbed-P), and Fraction-C (Ca-P). The pH of CaCO 3 -treated soils decreased right after liming, indicating a probable formation of solid phosphate compounds. Available P in CaCO 3 -treated soils decreased from 0.67 mg kg -1 to control levels at the end of incubation. Total-P and organic-P of CaCO 3 -treated soils were virtually the same as those of control soils, while inorganic-P varied. Fraction-A in both CaCO 3 -treated soils peaked at 10 days of incubation, and then decreased below control levels, while Fraction-B decreased abruptly right after liming, and thereafter gradually decreased. Liming decreased Fraction-C, and caused an increase in Al-and Fe-P due to an increase in exchangeable Al 3+ and Fe 3+ . Our results challenge the hypothesis by showing the unexpected opposite data for Al-, Fe-and Ca-P compounds at least in the early stage of equilibrium disturbances due to liming an acidic soil.
In sampling rate conversion between two different formats, the desired output sample values are the interpolated sample values at noninteger (or, integer) multiples of the original sampling period. In this brief, we present an efficient structure for sampling rate conversion from 44.1-kHz compact disc to 48-kHz digital audio tape formats. For efficient conversion, we propose a new infinite-impulse response (IIR) fractional delay filter based on Thiran-based IIR allpass filter. It is shown that the proposed method requires less hardware complexity and maintains high quality of signal-to-noise ratio compared with other methods.Index Terms-Allpass filter, fractional delay, sampling rate conversion (SRC).
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