Buckwheat grit cakes were prepared with a rice cake machine using the following independent variables: tempering moisture contents (15, 17, and 19%, wb), heating temperatures (240, 246, 252, and 258 degrees C), and heating times (5, 6, 7, and 8 s). Higher moisture, higher heating temperature, or longer heating time produced cakes with a higher cake specific volume. Cakes became lighter in color at a lower heating temperature or a shorter heating time. The hardest cake was produced at 252 degrees C for 5 s at 19% moisture content. The percent weight loss after tumbling decreased with increasing heating times and heating temperatures. Increased heating time resulted in more expanded products. The average rutin content decreased as the heating temperature or heating time increased. These results suggest that processing conditions, including tempering moisture, heating temperature, and heating time, significantly influenced physical and chemical qualities of buckwheat grit cakes such as specific volume, hardness, integrity, color, internal structure, and rutin content.
Discoloration of canned beet root slices resulted after 5-10 min exposure of beet roots to live steam, and subsequent incubation of slices in air at least 20 min. The "black ring" of discoloration moved radially toward the center of the slice as time of steam-peeling was increased. Dipping slices (prepared after steam-peeling) in solutions of inhibitors of PPO before incubation in air inhibited or prevented discoloration. Based on these data, thermal stability of PPO and POX, heat penetration profiles, and location of the discoloration zone, a model to explain discoloration was developed.
Preheating slices of beet root tissue at 40 to 60°C led to a loss in tissue integrity indicated by higher leakage of electrolytes and endogenous pigments, and increases in water soluble pectin content. When tissue slices were incubated at 25°C for 1 hr after preheating at 50 to 6O"C, reducing sugar increased. Incubation after preheating at 40 to 60°C resulted in decreased phenolic acid content. Endogenous polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase retained about 50% of their original activity after preheating for 5 min at 70 and 60°C respectively. These results bear relevance on the occurrence of the "black ring" defect in canned beets.
Vanilla flavor frozen desserts were made to be similar in composition except for the fat. Canola and soybean oils were combined with milk fat to provide fatty acid ratios of 1:l:l and 3:2:1 (saturated:monounsaturated:polyunsaturated), whereas the milk fat control had a ratio of 24:8.6: 1. Sensory, physical and chemical tests indicated minimal differences between the control ice cream and the dessert with the 3:2:1 ratio. However, product with the 1:l:l ratio was described as oily and oxidized in flavor. It melted faster, was softer in the penetration test and coarser in texture than the ice cream control.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.