In this study, the inhibitory effects of bamboo leaf extracts on adipogenesis were investigated by evaluating their activity against adipogenic transcription factors and enzymes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Bamboo leaf extracts significantly decreased triglyceride levels, and increased glycerol release in adipocytes. Cells treated with the water extract showed significantly higher glycerol release as well as lower triglyceride contents than those treated with the ethanol extract. Both bamboo leaf extracts significantly inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and enzymes, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase, and increased the expression of phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. These results show that bamboo leaf extracts inhibited adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that the water extract was more efficacious than the ethanol extract.
We synthesized two new alternating polymers, namely P(Tt-FQx) and P(Tt-DFQx), incorporating electron rich tri-thiophene and electron deficient 6-fluoroquinoxaline or 6,7-difluoroquinox aline derivatives. Both polymers P(Tt-FQx) and P(Tt-DFQx) exhibited high thermal stabilities and the estimated 5% weight loss temperatures are 425 and 460 C, respectively. Polymers P(Tt-FQx) and P(Tt-DFQx) displayed intense absorption band between 450 and 700 nm with an optical band gap (E g ) of 1.78 and 1.80 eV, respectively. The determined highest occupied/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital's (HOMO/LUMO) of P(Tt-DFQx) (−5.48 eV/−3.68 eV) are slightly deeper than those of P(Tt-FQx) (−5.32 eV/−3.54 eV). The polymer solar cells fabricated with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P(Tt-FQx) or P(Tt-DFQx): PC 70 BM (1:1.5 wt %) + 3 vol % DIO/Al offered a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.65% with an open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of 0.59 V, a short-circuit current (J sc ) of 10.65 mA/cm 2 and fill factor (FF) of 59% for P(Tt-FQx)-based device and a PCE of 4.36% with an V oc of 0.69 V, a J sc of 9.92 mA/cm 2 , and FF of 63% for P(Tt-DFQx)-based device.
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