The present results suggest that ADT use is associated with an increased risk of developing AD.

We aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of kidney stone development in a large-scale community-based cohort. A total of 121,579 participants enrolled in the Taiwan Biobank were analyzed. They were divided into two groups on the basis of presence of metabolic syndrome. The presence of kidney stone disease was defined by self-reported history of kidney stones. The mean age of participants was 50 years old, and self-reported kidney stones were observed in 3446 (10%) and 4292 (5%) participants with metabolic syndrome and without metabolic syndrome, respectively. Higher prevalence of kidney stone disease was found in participants with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR), 1.32; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.25 to 1.39). In addition, the risk of incident kidney stone development was analyzed in a longitudinal cohort of 25,263 participants without kidney stones at baseline during a mean follow-up of 47 months. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk for incident kidney stone disease was higher in participants with metabolic syndrome than those without metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.49). Our study suggests that metabolic syndrome does increase the risk of kidney stones.