A procedure for deriving sedimentgraphs in watersheds is proposed. The method is based on the instantaneous unit hydrograph theory developed for flood prediction and on the convolution integral theory. This procedure could be applied to any watershed where basic physical information is available (areas, slopes, length of channels, soil type). A qualitative comparison between results obtained and those published previously produced satisfactory results. Thus it is possible to conclude that the procedure is adequate. However, it is also necessary to compare it with real field measurements.
Crest piers placed on overflow spillways induce standing waves at the downstream end of them and the supercritical flow expands after flowing past the rear of the pier. The expanding flow from each side of a pier will intersect and form disturbances or shock waves that travel laterally as they move downstream and eventually reach the chute sidewalls. Recently, investigations regarding crest piers are related with artificial aeration on stepped spillways to eliminate the risk of cavitation damage. However, there is a lack of studies on standing and shock waves in smooth spillways concerning the air entrainment into the flow in presence of crest piers. This paper presents the study of the combined effect on air entrainment of a crest pier and an aerator on the bottom of a smooth spillway (configuration 1). For comparison, experimental tests were developed in the spillway without pier, that is in presence of aerator only (configuration 2). The configuration 1 results show that the air concentration distribution on the spillway bottom across the width and length of the chute increases in comparison with configuration 2, reducing even more the risk of cavitation damage and enhancing the safety of the hydraulic structure.
When the river supplies water to vulnerable environments, such as marshlands, it is vital to establish the expected impact mostly under a changing climate, and moreover, if a dam is being projected to solve energy demands. Soil characteristics, specifically sediment composition, are exposed to changes that modify this type of ecosystem and are rarely investigated. For this, a discharge period for an average historical year was analyzed to evaluate the magnitudes of the flows, with or without a dam. Also, it helped to identify the modification of the hydrodynamic regime between the sea and the lagoon system, particularly during the dry season but also checking the behavior in the rainy season. Results showed that the main problem with the construction of the dam on the San Pedro-Mezquital river would be the effect of a controlled flow that reaches the wetlands of the alluvial plains, affecting the sediment load in the estuarine and coastal ecology. However, after a readjustment period, the dam neither significantly changes the previous flood conditions of the coastal plain nor the sediment load will be a problem. However, if an additional sediment load is required to maintain the coastal microhabitats, there are different ways to provide it.
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