Summary Objective To conduct a systematic review of the literature for strategies designed to reduce attrition in managing paediatric obesity. Methods We searched Ovid Medline (1946 to May 6, 2020), Ovid Embase (1974 to May 6, 2020), EBSCO CINAHL (inception to May 6, 2020), Elsevier Scopus (inception to April 14, 2020), and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (inception to April 14, 2020). Reports were eligible if they included any obesity management intervention, included 2 to 18 year olds with overweight or obesity (or if the mean age of participants fell within this age range), were in English, included experimental study designs, and had attrition reduction as a main outcome. Two team members screened studies, abstracted data, and appraised study quality. Results Our search yielded 5,415 original reports; six met inclusion criteria. In three studies, orientation sessions (n = 2) and motivational interviewing (MI) (n = 1) were used as attrition‐reduction strategies before treatment enrollment; in three others, text messaging (n = 2) and MI (n = 1) supplemented existing obesity management interventions. Attrition‐reduction strategies led to decreased attrition in two studies, increased in one, and no difference in three. For the two strategies that reduced attrition, (a) pre‐treatment orientation and (b) text messaging between children and intervention providers were beneficial. The quality of the six included studies varied (good [n = 4]; poor [n = 2]). Conclusion Some evidence suggests that attrition can be reduced. The heterogeneity of approaches applied and small number of studies included highlight the need for well‐designed, experimental research to test the efficacy and effectiveness of strategies to reduce attrition in managing paediatric obesity.

Higher cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection incidence has been observed with cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker/defibrillator (CRT-P/D) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices compared to traditional pacemakers with a 1.2% rate reported at 1 year. CIED infection management has high morbidity/mortality. A previous study from this institution demonstrated significantly reduced CIED infection rate when peri/post-operative antibiotics were given for traditional pacemaker procedures. The present study examines CIED infection incidence following peri/post-operative antibiotics during CRT-P/D and ICD procedures. All patients who underwent CRT-P/D and ICD procedures from 1996 to 2015 received IV cephalexin/clindamycin pre- and 8-hours post-procedure followed by 5 days of oral therapy. There were 427 procedures (CRT-P = 146 (34.2%); CRT-D = 142 (33.3%); ICD = 139 (32.6%)). Mean age at time of procedure was 61.6 years. Mean follow-up duration was 4.26 years. CIED infection occurred in 6 patients (ICD = 4, CRT-P = 1, CRT-D = 1), amounting to a rate of 4.96/1000 device-years in total. Times to CIED infection from procedure were: 1.7, 3.5, 6.7, 7.3, 7.9 and 9.2 years. Five out of 6 infections occurred in patients with repeat procedures. This study demonstrates that administration of peri- followed by post-operative antibiotics during CRT-P/D and ICD procedures is associated with a very low rate of CIED infection. This rate of 4.96 infections per 1000 device-years compares favorably to contemporary rates of 8.9 infections per 1000 device-years. Most CIED infections occur late and well-beyond the 1-year follow-up of the Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial, the largest trial on this question. This approach should be considered pending a definitive trial

Introduction Les déterminants sociaux de la santé peuvent avoir une incidence sur le poids des enfants. Notre objectif était d’étudier les relations entre les déterminants sociaux de la santé et le poids des enfants d’âge préscolaire. Méthodologie Cette étude de cohorte rétrospective portait sur 169 465 enfants (âgés de 4 à 6 ans) dont les mesures anthropométriques ont été prises lors de rendez-vous de vaccination de 2009 à 2017 à Edmonton et à Calgary (Canada). Les enfants ont été classés par statut pondéral sur la base des critères de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS). Les données sur les mères ont été jumelées aux données sur les enfants. Les indices de défavorisation matérielle et sociale de Pampalon ont été utilisés pour évaluer la défavorisation. Nous avons utilisé une régression logistique multinomiale pour générer des rapports de risque relatif (RRR) afin d’étudier les associations entre, d’une part, le groupe ethnique, le statut d’immigration de la mère, le revenu des ménages du quartier, la résidence en milieu urbain ou rural et la défavorisation matérielle et sociale et, d’autre part, le statut pondéral de l’enfant. Résultats Les enfants d’origine chinoise risquaient moins que ceux de la population générale de faire de l’embonpoint (RRR = 0,64, IC à 95 % : 0,61 à 0,69) ou de l’obésité (RRR = 0,51, 0,42 à 0,62). Les enfants d’origine sud-asiatique risquaient plus que ceux de la population générale d’être en situation d’insuffisance pondérale (RRR = 4,14, 3,54 à 4,84) ou d’obésité (RRR = 1,39, 1,22 à 1,60). Les enfants de mère immigrante risquaient moins que les autres à être en situation d’insuffisance pondérale (RRR = 0,72, 0,63 à 0,82) ou d’obésité (RRR = 0,71, 0,66 à 0,77). La probabilité que les enfants fassent de l’embonpoint (RRR = 0,95, 0,94 à 0,95) ou de l’obésité (RRR = 0,88, 0,86 à 0,90) diminuait avec chaque passage à la tranche de revenu de 10 000 $ CA supérieure. Par rapport au quintile le moins défavorisé, les enfants du quintile le plus défavorisé sur le plan matériel risquaient plus de présenter une insuffisance pondérale (RRR = 1,36, 1,13 à 1,62), un surpoids (RRR = 1,52, 1,46 à 1,58) ou de l’obésité (RRR = 2,83, 2,54 à 3,15). Par rapport au quintile le moins défavorisé, les enfants du quintile le plus socialement défavorisé risquaient plus de présenter un surpoids (RRR = 1,21, 1,17 à 1,26) ou de l’obésité (RRR = 1,40, 1,26 à 1,56). Tous les résultats sont significatifs à p $lt; 0,001. Conclusion Nos constatations indiquent qu’il est nécessaire de mettre en place des interventions et des politiques qui tiennent compte des déterminants sociaux de la santé chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire afin d’optimiser leur poids et leur santé.

Introduction Social determinants of health (SDH) may influence children’s weight status. Our objective was to examine relationships between SDH and preschoolers’ weight status. Methods This retrospective cohort study included 169 465 children (aged 4–6 years) with anthropometric measurements taken at immunization visits from 2009 to 2017 in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada. Children were categorized by weight status based on WHO criteria. Maternal data were linked to child data. The Pampalon Material and Social Deprivation Indexes were used to assess deprivation. We used multinomial logistic regression to generate relative risk ratios (RRRs) to examine associations between ethnicity, maternal immigrant status, neighbourhood-level household income, urban/ rural residence and material and social deprivation with child weight status. Results Children of Chinese ethnicity were less likely than those in the General Population to have overweight (RRR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.61–0.69) and obesity (RRR = 0.51, 0.42–0.62). Children of South Asian ethnicity were more likely than those in the General Population to have underweight (RRR = 4.14, 3.54–4.84) and more likely to have obesity (RRR = 1.39, 1.22–1.60). Children with maternal immigrant status were less likely than those without maternal immigrant status to have underweight (RRR = 0.72, 0.63–0.82) and obesity (RRR = 0.71, 0.66–0.77). Children were less likely to have overweight (RRR = 0.95, 0.94–0.95) and obesity (RRR = 0.88, 0.86–0.90) for every CAD 10 000 increase in income. Relative to the least deprived quintile, children in the most materially deprived quintile were more likely to have underweight (RRR = 1.36, 1.13–1.62), overweight (RRR = 1.52, 1.46–1.58) and obesity (RRR = 2.83, 2.54–3.15). Relative to the least deprived quintile, children in the most socially deprived quintile were more likely to have overweight (RRR = 1.21, 1.17–1.26) and obesity (RRR = 1.40, 1.26–1.56). All results are significant to p $lt; 0.001. Conclusion Our findings suggest the need for interventions and policies to address SDH in preschoolers to optimize their weight and health.