ObjectiveEvaluate the neurological, neuopsychological and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in a cohort of retired soccer players.BackgroundChronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is considered to be a consequence of exposure to repeated head traumas, but evidence suggests that a single moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can also induce progressive neuropathological changes.Design/MethodsProspective observational study that evaluated 26 retired soccer players and 14 controls. The retired athletes and controls were submitted to neurological evaluation, neuropsychological evaluation and EEG.ResultsIn general, the soccer players performed well in tests, within the normal range. 15 soccer players had a history of previous TBI/concussion. In the retired group the average age was 60.4 years (55.7 in the CG), average of 11.7 schooling years (13.7 in the CG). The average results in MMSE was 26.6 (29 in the CG), the average digit span in backwards was 3.1 (3.8 in the CG), the average verbal fluency for animals was 15.6 (24 in the CG) and the average clock-drawing test was 8.96 (9 in the CG). Visual EEG analysis showed a predominance of posterior alpha activity between 9.0 and 12.0 Hz (mean 10.3 Hz) in the soccer participants and 11 Hz in the control group (CG). The analysis wiht low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) showed that 11 soccer players had hippocampal asymmetry (5 had less activity in the right hippocampus and 6 had less activity in the left hippocampus).ConclusionsAlthough the performance of the athletes in the tests was within the normal range, the means were always inferior to those of the controls. Almost half of the players presented asymmetry in the analysis by LORETA, although visual EEG analysis was normal. This may indicate that EEG changes may be earlier and more sensitive than clinical changes. These data are preliminary and further analysis are needed.
ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the self-reported concussion knowledge of the general population, to observe and describe any gaps in the knowledge and misconceptions, and to identify the variables that influence the concussion knowledge.BackgroundConcussion represents 80–90% of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) causes and its higher incidence is related to sports. The United States Centers for Disease Control estimates a TBI annual incidence ranging from 1.6 to 3.8 million cases, including concussions related to sport. Thus, it is seen as a public health priority. Adequate general population knowledge is a critical issue to correct diagnosis and management of concussion.Design/MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional descriptive survey. A Concussion knowledge Questionnaire (CKQ) was created to capture data on concussion identification and causes, concussion consequences, recovery and management, and sport-related concussion The number of the sample correct and incorrect answers was calculated to measure the percent of concussion knowledge by CKQ domain.ResultsThe sample was formed by 1247 Brazilian adults with a mean age of 41.7 (±11.8) years and high level of schooling. The total score in the CKQ was a mean of 20 (±10) points, which corresponds to a rate of 41.6% of correct answers. Thus, there is poor knowledge in all domains of the CKQ. Only 35.5% of correct answers were registered regarding the main symptoms of a concussion. Similarly, the higher number of incorrect answers was related to questions about recovery and management of a concussion.ConclusionsOur study is the first to examine the concussion knowledge in a sample of Brazilian adults and provide useful information for development of concussion education programs. Our findings suggest very poor concussion knowledge in sample studied. More larger and meaningful research is needed to investigate the concussion knowledge and the variables that may interfere in the knowledge of the Brazilian general.
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