Calcium oxalate kidney stones are a common condition affecting many people in the United States. The concentration of oxalate in urine is a major risk factor for stone formation. There is evidence that glyoxal metabolism may be an important contributor to urinary oxalate excretion. Endogenous sources of glyoxal include the catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Here, we review all the known sources of glyoxal as well as its relationship to oxalate synthesis and crystal formation.
Objective
To determine the sensitivity of 4 strains of Oxalobacter formigenes (OxF) found in humans, HC1, Va3, CC13, and OxK, to varying concentrations of commonly-prescribed antibiotics. OxF gut colonization has been associated with a decreased risk of forming recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones.
Methods
For each strain and each antibiotic concentration, 100 μL of an overnight culture and 100 μL of the appropriate antibiotic were added to a 7 mL vial of oxalate culture media containing 20 mM oxalate. On the fourth day, vials were visually examined for growth, and a calcium oxalate precipitation test was performed to determine whether OxF grew in the presence of the antibiotic.
Results
All 4 OxF strains were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ceftriaxone, cephalexin, and vancomycin while they were all sensitive to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. One strain, CC13, was resistant to nitrofurantoin while the others were sensitive. Differences in minimum inhibitory concentration between strains were demonstrated.
Conclusions
Four human strains of OxF are sensitive to a number of antibiotics commonly utilized in clinical practice; however, minimum inhibitory concentrations differ between strains.
Urologists need to be cognizant of these associations as they may be able to contribute to an early diagnosis of a significant medical problem, or provide counseling to patients to prevent their occurrence.
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