Expression of the transcription factor Helios by Tregs ensures stable expression of a suppressive and anergic phenotype in the face of intense inflammatory responses, whereas Helios-deficient Tregs display diminished lineage stability, reduced FoxP3 expression, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we report that selective Helios deficiency within CD4 Tregs leads to enhanced antitumor immunity through induction of an unstable phenotype and conversion of intratumoral Tregs into T effector cells within the tumor microenvironment. Induction of an unstable Treg phenotype is associated with enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines by tumor-infiltrating but not systemic Tregs and significantly delayed tumor growth. Ab-dependent engagement of Treg surface receptors that result in Helios down-regulation also promotes conversion of intratumoral but not systemic Tregs into T effector cells and leads to enhanced antitumor immunity. These findings suggest that selective instability and conversion of intratumoral CD4 Tregs through genetic or Ab-based targeting of Helios may represent an effective approach to immunotherapy.inflammation | tumor microenvironment | effector cytokines |

Highlights d FoxP3-specific ablation of Blimp1 results in expansion of dysfunctional T FR cells d Inducible deletion of Blimp1 in T FR cells impairs T FR stability and function d Blimp1 controls CTLA4 expression, IL-23R-CD25 and CXCR5-CCR7 axes in T FR cells d Blimp1 controls appropriate homing and positioning of T FR cells into the GC

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