Immigrants 'bring along' their suicide risk, at least for the initial period they spend in the immigration country. Health-care planners and providers need to be aware of this 'imported risks'. However, most immigrant groups do not have an increased suicide risk relative to the local-born population; some may even experience substantially lower risks.

IntroductionWe aimed to identify factors associated with smoking among immigrants. In particular, we investigated the relationship between acculturation and smoking, taking into consideration the stage of the ‘smoking epidemic’ in the countries of origin and host countries of the immigrants.MethodsWe searched PubMed for peer-reviewed quantitative studies. Studies were included if they focused on smoking among adult immigrants (foreign-born) from non-western countries now residing in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK, and Australia. Studies were excluded if, among others, a distinction between immigrants and their (native-born) offspring was not made.ResultsWe retrieved 27 studies published between 1998 and 2013. 21 of the 27 studies focused on acculturation (using bidimensional multi-item scales particularly designed for the immigrant group under study and/or proxy measures such as language proficiency or length of stay in host country) and 16 of those found clear differences between men and women: whereas more acculturated women were more likely to smoke than less acculturated women, the contrary was observed among men.ConclusionImmigrants’ countries of origin and host countries have reached different stages of the ‘smoking epidemic’ where, in addition, smoking among women lags behind that in men. Immigrants might ‘move’ between the stages as (I) the (non-western) countries of origin tend to be in the early phase, (II) the (western) host countries more in the advanced phase of the epidemic and (III) the arrival in the host countries initiates the acculturation process. This could explain the ‘imported’ high (men)/low (women) prevalence among less acculturated immigrants. The low (men)/high (women) prevalence among more acculturated immigrants indicates an adaptation towards the social norms of the host countries with ongoing acculturation.

The perinatal health measures of women of Turkish origin have improved over time. The lower utilization rates of antenatal health care could be the expression of barriers to access the health care for pregnant women with migration background as offered in Germany. A risk group which needs a special focus by health care providers are women without a partner, irrespective of their origin.

Zusammenfassung. Mit dem Fragebogeninventar für Freizeitinteressen (FIFI; Piepenburg & Kandler, 2016 ) steht nun erstmals ein deutschsprachiges Messinstrument für das Erwachsenenalter zur Verfügung, welches Freizeittätigkeiten hinsichtlich ihrer intrinsischen Wertigkeit (Freizeitinteresse) und Häufigkeit ihrer Ausübung (Freizeitaktivität) erfasst. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer Kurzversion (FIFI-K), um die Ökonomie der Erfassung bei gleichbleibender Heterogenität der Freizeitbereiche zu erhöhen. Das FIFI-K umfasst 67 Items, an denen die Struktur von Freizeitinteressenbereichen (21 Primärfaktoren und 5 Sekundärfaktoren) des FIFI bei 840 Probandinnen und Probanden mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen bestätigt werden konnte. Basierend auf einer Substichprobe von 443 Probandinnen und Probanden fanden sich gute Retest-Reliabilitäten für entsprechende Freizeitbereiche. Zudem konnten konvergente Validität zwischen Freizeitinteresse und Freizeitaktivität und diskriminante Validität zwischen den Freizeitbereichen sowie prädiktive Validität von Freizeitinteressen und -aktivitäten zur Vorhersage psychischen Wohlbefindens bescheinigt werden. Das FIFI-K kann demnach als ökonomisches, reliables und valides Messinstrument für die individuelle Erfassung von Freizeitinteressen und -aktivitäten in Forschung und Praxis angewandt werden.

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