As thin films become increasingly popular (for solar cells, LEDs, microelectronics, batteries), quantitative morphological and crystallographic information is needed to predict and optimize the film's electronic, optical and mechanical properties. This quantification can be obtained quickly and easily with X-ray diffraction using an area detector in two simple sample geometries. In this paper, we describe a methodology for constructing complete pole figures for thin films with fiber texture (isotropic in-plane orientation). We demonstrate this technique on semicrystalline polymer films, self-assembled nanoparticle semiconductor films, and randomlypacked metallic nanoparticle films. This method can be immediately implemented to help 2 understand the relationship between film processing and microstructure, enabling the development of better and less expensive electronic and optoelectronic devices.Keywords: grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction; pole figure; texture analysis; morphology; thin film IntroductionThe optical and electronic properties of polycrystalline and semicrystalline materials are highly dependent on the materials' morphology. When these properties are anisotropic in the single crystal form, the corresponding bulk properties of the poly-or semi-crystalline material are often dependent upon the orientation distribution of the crystallites.1 As efforts are made to optimize the electrical and optical properties of functional, solution-processed polycrystalline films used for thin film transistors, solar cells, and other emerging technologies, it is necessary to fully characterize the orientation distribution, or texture, of the crystallites. There has been much effort devoted to correlating the microstructure and properties of thin films (<100 nm) of nanostructured organic semiconductors 2-7 and inorganic semiconducting nanoparticles 8,9 , but the collection of complete texture information is often challenging due to the limited film thickness.In this work, we introduce an X-ray diffraction-based method for collecting and constructing quantitative pole figures with an area detector for thin films with isotropic crystallographic orientation in the substrate plane (classically referred to as fiber texture). The technique is rapid and ideal for thin films that are sensitive to beam damage, diffract weakly or are otherwise limited by their thin film form to certain diffraction geometries. 3A pole figure is a plot of the orientation distribution of a particular set of crystallographic lattice planes, providing a useful illustration of a material's texture. Traditional pole figures of bulk samples can be collected in either reflection or transmission mode. Pole figures collected in a reflection mode utilize a symmetric geometry introduced by Schultz 10-12 . In this technique, diffraction intensities are collected using a point detector as the sample is rotated along two axes.Accurate collection of intensity in the Schultz geometry is generally limited to within 85° of the surface normal, due to distortions t...
The aim of this paper is to analyse the long-term implications of leaving the EU for the UK economy. To do this, we consider three main channels by which the UK economy could be affected in the long run: 1) Reductions in trade with EU countries and a modest increase in tariff barriers.2) A reduction in foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly affecting services FDI.3) A reduction in the UK's net fiscal contribution to the EU.We input these effects of leaving the EU into NiGEM, the National Institute Global Econometric Model, a multicountry economic forecasting model. NiGEM has been developed at NIESR over the past three decades and is funded by subscriptions from international institutions, central banks and finance ministries from around the world, as well as some private sector institutions. Both the OECD and HM Treasury have also chosen to use NiGEM to conduct their analysis of the economic impact of leaving the EU. This is not surprising, as NiGEM's explicit trade linkages make it particularly well-suited to modelling the impact on the UK economy of shifts in trade policy.This article presents our estimates of the long-run impact of leaving the EU over the next fifteen years, not only on GDP, but on consumption, real wages, unemployment, and a range of other (endogenously determined) variables. We find that by 2030, GDP is projected to be between 1.5 per cent and 3.7 per cent lower than in the baseline forecast in which the UK remains in the EU. Real wages fall somewhat more, by between 2.2 per cent and 6.3 per cent. Consumption is also hit somewhat harder than GDP, falling by between 2.4 and 5.4 per cent. Real wages and consumption decline more than GDP in the long term due to a long-term deterioration in the terms of trade, coupled with a shift towards savings. Table 14 compares our estimated long-run reductions in GDP to those of three other prominent studies published by the OECD, the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) at the LSE and HM Treasury. While the studies assume broadly similar reductions in trade and FDI, as well as similar reductions in the UK's net contributions to the EU, the range of estimated impacts on GDP relative to the 2030 baseline is considerably larger. We summarise these results by reporting the estimated reduction in GDP for each percentage point reduction in total trade. In the CEP analysis, GDP is reduced by 0.5 per cent to 0.75 per cent for each 1 per cent reduction in total trade, while in the OECD and HM Treasury studies, the reduction is about 0.3 per cent to 0.4 per cent of GDP for each 1 per cent decrease in total trade. In our analysis, GDP is reduced by 0.1 per cent for each 1 per cent reduction in trade, so that our estimates can be seen as more conservative.Our modelling strategy is to focus on a small number of the clearest and most well-understood potential impacts on the EU economy of leaving the EU in our core scenarios. As a result, it is not surprising that our estimated reductions in GDP are smaller than those of by guest on June 4, 2016 ner.sagepub.com D...
and Social Research is Britain's longest established independent research institute, founded in 1938. The vision of our founders was to carry out research to improve understanding of the economic and social forces that affect people's lives, and the ways in which policy can bring about change. Seventy-five years later, this remains central to NIESR's ethos. We continue to apply our expertise in both quantitative and qualitative methods and our understanding of economic and social issues to current debates and to influence policy. The Institute is independent of all party political interests.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.