Napier grass is a promising lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production because of its high cellulose content and high annual productivity. Converting a lignocellulosic biomass into a bioethanol usually takes two steps which resulted in a long processing time and sometimes includes the utilization of hazardous chemicals. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation in a solid-state culture using single bioconversion agent, Neurospora sitophila Shear, can reduce the overall processing time and also increase the yield of the products. The research is aimed to determine the optimum aerobic and micro-aerobic conditions that yields the highest enzyme activity and bioethanol concentration from the mixture of Napier grass and soybean curd residue. The saccharification and fermentation process was conducted in the laboratory using an incubator at 33 o C. The cellulase enzyme activity was calculated as FPAse. The highest activity achieved was 0.538 filter paper unit with the optimum mass ratio of Napier grass to soybean curd residue was 1:1 on the second day of cultivation period. The fermentation process was conducted aerobically for two days and then followed by six days of micro-aerobic fermentation, resulting in the highest bioethanol yield of 2.12% (w/w) at the end of the culture period. The optimum mass ratio was found to be 9:1. This study shows that Napier grass and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation method has a great potential for cellulase and bioethanol production, but further improvement on the micro-aerobic system is needed to maximize the bioethanol yield.
The quality of the cement board depends on the compatibility between cement and particles from lignocellulosic biomass. The purpose of this study was to determine the compatibility between cement and particles from four tropical wood namely mangium (Acacia mangium Willd), teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.), gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron (L.), dadap (Erythrina variegata L.), and sago stem (Metroxylon sago Rottb.), and to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the mangium cement board produced by adding magnesium chloride (MgCl 2) as an accelerator. This research was conducted in two steps. The first step consisted of measuring the hydration temperature of a mixture of cement with particles from the four wood species and sago stems by adding magnesium chloride (MgCl 2), with variations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% based on the cement weight. Two types of mixtures from the first step were then used in the second step, namely the manufacture of cement board. The cement board was made using a weight ratio of mangium particles:cement:water of 1:2.7:1.35. The board is made with a target density of 1.2 g/cm 3. Physical and mechanical testing refers to the ISO 8335-1987 standard. The results of the hydration temperature showed that all of the mixtures were classified into "low inhibition", except for mixture between cement and mangium particles without a catalyst which was included in the classification of "moderate inhibition". While the results of cement board tests indicate that the cement boards made from mangium wood particles with 5% MgCl 2 addition had better properties compared to mangium cement boards without catalysts.
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