Recurrent pre-eclampsia is associated with higher risk of future cardiovascular hospitalisation compared with no pre-eclampsia, and significantly shorter time to first cardiovascular event. Cardiovascular screening should be performed earlier for women with recurrent pre-eclampsia.

In this population of pregnant women, gestational diabetes was associated with an increased risk of heart disease 25 years after delivery. Women with gestational diabetes may merit closer monitoring for cardiovascular disease prevention after pregnancy.

In this population-based study, preeclampsia was significantly associated with noncritical heart defects in offspring, and preeclampsia before 34 weeks was associated with critical heart defects. However, the absolute risk of congenital heart defects was low.