This work aims to investigate the effect of process temperature and catalyst content by pyrolysis and thermal catalytic cracking of (organic matter + paper) fraction from municipal household solid waste (MHSW) on the yields of reaction products (bio-oil, bio-char, H2O, and gas), acid value and chemical composition of bio-oils, and characterization of bio-chars, in laboratory scale. The collecting sectors of MHSW in the municipality of Belém-Pará-Brazil were chosen based on geographic and socio-economic database. The MHSW collected and transported to the segregation area. The gravimetric analysis of MHSW carried out and the fractions (Paper, Cardboard, Tetra Pack, Hard Plastic, Soft Plastic, Metal, Glass, Organic Matter, and Inert) separated. The selected organic matter and paper submitted to pre-treatment of crushing, drying, and sieving. The experiments carried out at 400, 450, and 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, and at 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% (wt.) Ca(OH)2, in batch mode. The bio-oil characterized for acid value. The chemical functions present in bio-oil identified by FT-IR and the composition by GC-MS. The bio-char characterized by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. The variance in mass (wt.%) for organic fraction of municipal household solid waste, between 56.21 and 67.45% (wt.), lies with the interval of 56% (wt.) and 64% (wt.) of OFMHSW for middle and low income countries. The pyrolysis of MHSW fraction (organic matter + paper) show bio-oil yields between 2.63 and 9.41% (wt.), aqueous phase yields between 28.58 and 35.08% (wt.), solid phase yields between 35.29 and 45.75% (wt.), and gas yields between 16.54 and 26.72% (wt.). The bio-oil yield increases with pyrolysis temperature. For the catalytic cracking, the bio-oil and gas yields increase slightly with CaO content, while that of bio-char decreases, and the H2O phase remains constant. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes), as well as compounds containing nitrogen, including amides and amines. The acidity of bio-oil decreases with increasing process temperature and with aid Ca(OH)2 as catalyst. The concentration of hydrocarbons in bio-oil increases with increasing Ca(OH)2-to-MHSW fraction ratio due to the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids molecules, by means of de-carboxylation/de-carbonylation, producing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Mangrove forests are ecosystems naturally susceptible to environmental stresses, such as rising sea level and coastal erosion. However, the anthropic stresses, such as real estate speculation, deforestation and water pollution, put at risk this environment's stability, interfering with its balance. The present work's aim is to perform a temporal analysis of the mangrove forest that is a part of the Mocajuba river hydrographic basin and its buffer zone, as well as identifying natural and anthropic stresses to which the mangroves are susceptible. It was verified that the mangrove forest areas presented a substantial reduction between 1984 and 1999, and a small loss between 1999 and 2018. Thus, in the mangrove forest buffer zone, the anthropized areas increased while the forest areas decreased, demonstrating the deforestation in these areas. It can be concluded that the mangrove forest in the study region present a regression.
Recebido para avaliação em 05/07/2019; Aceito para publicação em 02/08/2019. RESUMO O presente trabalho vem contribuir com a relação entre a urbanização e os dados de renda entre dois bairros, Guamá e Nazaré, na cidade de Belém, localizada na Amazônia. Foram analisados dados do IBGE, INMET, BNDO, CPRM, LANDSAT 8 e RapidEye para análise ambiental dos bairros. Os resultados indicaram que o Guamá possui 81,58% dos seus habitantes nas classes D e E. Essa configuração influencia nas variáveis físicas: possui 7,40% de áreas verdes e 92,60% de solo exposto do seu território, temperaturas da superfície na faixa predominante de 30ºC a 32ºC, além de a maior parte do bairro se encontrar nas cotas mais baixas, variando de <4,43 m a 13,72 m, sujeitando-o a maiores riscos de inundações. Em oposição, em Nazaré, 59,89% dos seus habitantes são das classes A e B, o que reflete na sua configuração ambiental: o bairro possui 10,70% de áreas verdes e 89,30% de solo exposto do seu território, temperaturas da superfície estão predominantemente na |Caracterização da urbanização e seu impacto nas variáveis socioambientais: Guamá e Nazaré em Belém, Pará| |Fernanda da Silva de Andrade Moreira | Gustavo Francesco de Morais Dias | Maria Isabel Vitorino | Jéssica Cristina Conte da Silva | Bruno Silva de Holanda| InterEspaço Grajaú/MA v. 5, n. 17 p. 01-27 maio/ago. 2019 Página 2 faixa de 28ºC a 30ºC e a maior parte da sua área situa-se nas cotas acima de 17,45m, o que torna praticamente nulo os riscos de inundações. Desse modo, o Guamá possui as condições socioambientais mais desfavoráveis em relação ao bairro de Nazaré, o que determina uma configuração urbano-espacial marcada pela segregação. Palavras-chave: Ocupação; Variáveis Físicas; Segregação Socioespacial.ABSTRACT The present study contributes to the relationship between urbanization and the income data between two neighborhoods, Guamá and Nazaré, in the city of Belém, located in the Amazon rainforest. Data from (IBGE, INMET, BNDO, CPRM, LANDSAT 8 e RapidEye) were used for environmental analysis of the neighborhoods. The results indicate that Guamá has 81.58% of its inhabitants in the social classes D and E, this setting influences the physical variables, it has 7.40% of green areas and 92.60% exposed soil of its territory, surface temperatures, ranging predominantly from 30ºC to 32ºC, besides most of the neighborhood is in the lowest flood depths, ranging from <4.43 m to 13.72 m, subjecting it to greater flood risks. In contrast, at Nazaré 59.89% of its inhabitants are from social classes A and B, reflecting in its environmental setting, the neighborhood has 10.70% of green areas and 89.30% exposed soil of its territory, surface temperatures ranging predominantly from 28ºC to 30ºC and most of its areas flood depths are above 17.45m, making the risk of floods virtually zero. Thus, Guamá has the most unfavorable socio-environmental conditions when related to Nazaré, which determines an urban-spatial configuration marked by segregation. RESUMENEste documento contribuye a la relación entre...
A urbanização é responsável por gerar vários problemas no âmbito do saneamento. Entre os problemas gerados, é possível destacar o aumento da produção de resíduos sólidos, a impermeabilização das superfícies e a contaminação das águas pluviais.. As inundações urbanas constituem-se num dos mais importantes impactos sobre a sociedade. Esses impactos podem ocorrer devido à urbanização ou à inundação natural da várzea ribeirinha.. De um modo geral, a urbanização pode causar modificações significativas no ciclo hidrológico e afetar diretamente a população, causando perdas materiais e imateriais (SHAW et al, 2011). Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um breve estudo das condições do sistema de drenagem urbana na cidade de Belém, Pará. O estudo foi realizado em diferentes bairros da cidade, que são: Tenoné, Marco, Pedreira e Cremação. Os principais problemas encontrados no sistema de drenagem dos bairros estudados são: depósito inadequado de resíduos sólidos nas ruas, lançamento irregular de esgoto doméstico nos canais de macrodrenagem, ocupação irregular de áreas ribeirinhas e falta de manutenção nas estruturas do sistema de drenagem.
A análise das potencialidades de fragilidades ambientais de ambientes naturais e antropizados tem como finalidade adequar medidas de conservação, restauração e usos antrópicos destes ecossistemas, mantendo a perpetuação dos recursos naturais. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho buscou identificar os diferentes níveis de fragilidade física na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Mocajuba – PA por meio da interação de elementos físicos e bióticos (pedologia, geologia, altitude, intensidade pluviométrica e uso e cobertura da terra) para a representação da paisagem local. Verificou-se que a bacia do Rio Mocajuba possui uma maior proporção de classes Média, Baixa e Alta, respectivamente, para Fragilidade Emergente e Potencial. Em que as áreas antropizadas promoveram o incremento da fragilidade natural, assim como observou-se que a classe de fragilidade baixa se concentrou na foz da bacia, englobando manguezais e áreas vegetadas. E a classe média e alta envolveram áreas de mangue e áreas antropizadas. Dessa forma a aplicação de metodologias de fragilidade possibilitam gerar um diagnóstico dos fatores limitantes ao uso e ocupação das terras. Assim como identificar áreas prioritárias para conservação e restauração florestal, contribuindo com a gestão e planejamento territorial da bacia.Palavras-chave: Fragilidade. Ecossistema. Alteração. Uso da Terra. Planejamento. Gestão. Potential and emerging environmental fragility of the Mocajuba river basin - PA A B S T R A C TThe analysis of the potential of environmental fragilities of natural and anthropized environments aims to adapt measures for conservation, restoration and anthropic uses of these ecosystems, maintaining the perpetuation of natural resources. In this perspective, the present work sought to identify the different levels of physical fragility in the hydrographic basin of the Mocajuba River - PA through the interaction of physical and biotic elements (pedology, geology, altitude, rainfall and land use and coverage) for representation of the local landscape. It was found that the Mocajuba River basin has a higher proportion of Middle, Low and High classes, respectively, for Emerging and Potential Fragility. Where the anthropized areas promoted an increase in natural fragility, just as it was observed that the class of low fragility was concentrated at the mouth of the basin, encompassing mangroves and vegetated areas. And the middle and upper class involved mangrove areas and man-made areas. Thus, the application of fragility methodologies makes it possible to generate a diagnosis of the factors limiting the use and occupation of land. As well as identifying priority areas for forest conservation and restoration. Contributing to the management and territorial planning of the basin.Keywords: Fragility. Ecosystem. Amendment. Land use. Planning. Management.
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