In ∼100 years, marketing to children went from a severely frowned upon practice to an integral part of growing up as companies came to realize that investing in marketing to children and adolescents provides excellent immediate and future dividends. Each year, enormous sums of money are spent to reach this valuable audience because children and adolescents spend billions on their own purchases, influence family decisions about what to buy, and promise a potential lifetime of brand loyalty. The channels to reach youth have grown, and marketers are increasingly using them, often blurring the distinction between entertainment and advertising. Because advertising to children and adolescents has become ubiquitous, researchers who study its influence raise significant concerns about the practice, especially as it relates to dietary behavior, family conflict, marketer tactics, and children's potential vulnerability as an audience. In this review by the Workgroup on Marketing and Advertising, we highlight the state of the research in this area and suggest that more research needs to be conducted on understanding the following: the effects of advertising exposure, how psychological development affects children's responses to marketing, the problems associated with advertising in newer media, and how researchers, parents, and practitioners might be able to mitigate the most deleterious advertising effects. We then present avenues of future research along with recommendations for key stakeholders.
Many individuals with depression experience difficulty seeking help. To better understand the help-seeking process, we analyzed narratives produced during interviews with individuals who sought treatment. We examined these narratives within the framework of the health belief model and then engaged in emergent, thematic coding within each of the categories. Our findings suggest that, for depressed individuals, one's uncertainty regarding the condition and treatment drives each element of the health belief model. The main barrier preventing help-seeking was fear of the unknown treatment process. Interpersonal cues to action served to reduce uncertainty by providing guidance and confirmation that help was needed. Interventions should target friends and family of depressed individuals and provide information regarding the treatment process to effectively reduce uncertainty and drive help-seeking.
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