Lack of efficacy seems to be the main reason for entacapone discontinuation. Male patients with wearing off and no orthostatic hypotension seem to tolerate the medication better. Advanced disease stage, presence of cognitive dysfunction, and presence of dyskinesia should not necessarily preclude patients from being treated with entacapone, when otherwise indicated.

BACKGROUND In total, 2.7 million injectable filler treatments were performed in 2019 in the United States. Although generally considered to be a safe treatment modality, adverse events may occur in rare situations. OBJECTIVE Analyze serious adverse events from injectable filler treatments, including infections, cutaneous necrosis, blindness, or delayed-onset nodule formation, spanning 11 years for 3 board-certified dermatologists and review their incidence, management, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of injectable filler treatments spanning 11 years at a multipractitioner outpatient clinic. Serious adverse events were identified, and treatment measures were documented. A literature search was performed to determine recent trends and outcomes for comparison. RESULTS Between January 2009 and August 2020, 18,013 mL of injectable filler was administered to 7,659 patients. Of the 18,013 mL administered, 74.1% comprised hyaluronic acid derivatives, 19.19% poly-l-lactic acid, and 6.71% calcium hydroxylapatite. Four serious adverse events were identified. Three events were delayed-onset skin nodule formation. One adverse event was related to vascular compromise and subsequent cutaneous necrosis. After appropriate treatment, all adverse events resolved without significant long-term sequelae. CONCLUSION Serious adverse events associated with injectable fillers, when performed by board-certified dermatologists, are extremely rare and can be successfully managed with appropriate treatment.

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Quantitative data describing the cardiac trabecular muscle architecture and its variation between individuals are practically absent in the technical literature. Consequently, the relationship of trabecular muscle variation to cardiovascular diseases is largely unknown. Modeling work, using simulations of simplified heart morphology, has previously demonstrated the likely importance of the trabecular layer for enhanced cardiac output, and secondary findings indicated that variation in trabecular mass, diameter, and orientation are impactful on heart functioning. Measurements of variation in trabecular muscle are therefore of potential interest in both a clinical and basic science context. Using a large cadaveric sample, we have quantified the variability in trabecular mass in the left ventricle and investigated its correlation with one known factor in cardiovascular health ‐ relative heart size.With permission from the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California and the USC Anatomical Gift Program, 74 human cadavers managed by the Integrative Anatomical Sciences Department were utilized in the study. The donor population all had known cause of death and a brief summary of pathologies. A standardized region of trabeculae was examined on the posterior‐medial wall of the left chamber where the interventricular septum and posterior papillary muscle meet the apex of the heart.Images were taken of the standardized area and analyzed using ImageJ. Thresholding was used to calculate trabecular density as a ratio of trabeculated area to total area. Use of a fixed threshold, in combination with standardization of lighting, camera position, and region of interest, allowed us to produce a robust comparative metric. Relative trabecular area was the primary comparison of interest since the specific values are dependent on the thresholding value (which was chosen for methodology ease and was biologically arbitrary). Cardiothoracic ratios were also obtained for all individuals. The maximal horizontal thoracic diameter was standardized at rib seven, and the cardiac diameter was taken at the longest basal diameter of the heart using digital calipers.The fraction of trabeculation varied from 64.50–82.12%, demonstrating that trabecular muscle density is highly variable between individuals. Qualitatively, there was also large variations in diameter, layering, and average orientation of trabecular muscle. We found that there is a relatively strong correlation (Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of 0.43, p<0.08) between relative trabecular area and cardiothoracic ratio. Based on these results, it is plausible that variations in cardiac trabeculae have an impact on overall heart health and long‐term risk for cardiovascular disease. Trabecular muscle variation could be a useful correlate in understanding individual variation in cardiac efficiency, development, and disease. Our work provides a framework for future analysis of this understudied aspect of human variation. Future work on this problem should include trabecular orientation and diameter as additional variables. Digital imaging to source data may also provide a more complete picture of trabecular morphology and predictors of cardiac efficiency.Support or Funding InformationUSC Provost's OfficeThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.