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The worldwide high consumption of food additives has encouraged to perform research on new species producers of gums or hydrocolloids that can compete with those that are traditionally used, such as flamboyant (Delonix regia) seed gum, a species considered underutilized and of ornamental type. Flamboyant tree seeds were used to obtain a native gum (flamboyant gum (FNG)), which was modified by carboxymethylation (CFG), this reaction was confirmed using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and colorimetric titration. Swelling index and dispersion were evaluated in a range of 30-90 8C. The apparent viscosity (m) was evaluated with a rheometer. Compression strength of the gel (CSG) was measured with a texture analyzer and calorimetric profile with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The CFG had a degree of substitution of 0.33 and the FTIR analysis indicated the presence of carboxy-ether groups in the CFG. The modification of the FNG increased dispersion by 66%. Both gums exhibited shear-thinning behaviors although carboxymethylation caused a decrease in viscosity. The DSC showed a state crystalline in the FNG and a state amorphous in the CFG. The modification of the FNG favored hydrogen bridge interactions with water but decreased intra-catenary interactions in the polysaccharide.Keywords: carboxymethylation; Delonix regia; flamboyant; seed gum; functional properties El alto consumo de aditivos alimentarios a nivel mundial incentiva la investigacio´n de nuevas especies productoras de gomas o hidrocoloides que puedan competir con aque´llas usadas tradicionalmente, tal es el caso de la goma de la semilla de flamboya´n (Delonix regia), especie subutilizada y considerada de tipo ornamental. Las semillas de flamboya´n fueron usadas para obtener goma nativa (FNG), la cual fue modificada por carboximetilacio´n (CFG), esta reaccio´n se confirmo´usando espectroscopia de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y titulacio´n colorime´trica. El ı´ndice de hinchamiento y la dispersio´n en agua fueron evaluados de 30 a 90 8C. La viscosidad aparente (m) fue evaluada con reo´metro. La fuerza de compresio´n del gel (CSG) fue medida con un analizador de textura y el perfil calorime´trico con un calorı´metro diferencial de barrido (DSC). La CFG tuvo un grado de sustitucio´n de 0,33. La modificacio´n de la FNG incremento´la solubilidad en un 66%. Ambas gomas tuvieron un comportamiento reofluidizante. La carboximetilacio´n ocasiono un decremento de la m. El DSC mostro´un estado cristalino en la FNG y amorfo en la CFG. La modificacio´n de la FNG favorecio´las interacciones puentes de hidro´geno con el agua pero disminuyo´las interacciones intracatenarias en el polisaca´rido.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the functional properties of seed gum of Guazuma ulmifolia (GG) and its effects on the entomotoxic activity of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (MET) on whitefly nymphs (Bemisia tabaci). The GG was extracted from mature fruit seeds in distilled water at 60°C and precipitated in ethanol. The quantity of gum extracted from the seed of G. ulmifolia was 67.1 g/kg. This gum showed a dispersion in water of 79.6% and thermal stability. The rheological studies indicated that GG had a non-Newtonian behavior and high viscosity at low concentrations. The swelling index (SI) and water dispersion (WDIS) of GG were ORIGINAL RESEARCH

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ResumenEl cultivo de cacahuate (Arachis hypogaea L.), ampliamente utilizado por los agricultores por su rentabilidad y mejoramiento de las propiedades físicas y químicas edáficas, presenta una prolongada latencia de semillas, que va hasta seis meses. En otras especies vegetales la latencia de semillas se ha tratado con inductores de germinación como el ácido giberélico (AG 3 ), el ácido indolacético y naproxeno (NPX). Otro problema técnico en el cultivo de cacahuate es el crecimiento lento de las primeras etapas de las plantas. Lo anterior podría incrementar con el uso de cepas bacterianas promotoras de crecimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del AG 3 y NPX como inductores de germinación, y cepas de Bacillus spp. como promotoras de crecimiento vegetal. En la germinación se usaron dos concentraciones y dos tiempos de inmersión en AG 3 y NPX, mientras que para mejorar crecimiento se usaron tres cepas de Bacillus spp. (CBTC1, CBCC57 y CBRF12) como inoculantes. La germinación incrementó con el tratamiento de 10 mg mL -1 de AG 3 ; en tanto, la tasa relativa de crecimiento en altura de las plantas aumentó significativamente a los 15 días después de la siembra, cuando se inocularon con la cepa CBRF12 de Bacillus spp. Asimismo, se encontró un mayor crecimiento significativo de la biomasa seca de la raíz a los 30 días luego de la siembra, con la cepa CBTC1. En conclusión, el porcentaje de germinación de A. AbstractPeanut crop (Arachis hypogaea L.) is widely used by farmers for their profitability and improvement of the physical and chemical soil traits has a prolonged seed dormancy, which runs up to six months. In other plant species, seed dormancy has been treated with inducers of germination, such as gibberellic acid (AG 3 ), indoleacetic acid and Naproxen (NPX). Another technical issue in the peanut crop is the slow growth of the early stages of the plants. This would increase with the use of bacterial strains to growth promoters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AG 3 and NPX as inducers of germination, and strains of Bacillus spp. as promoting plant growth. Germination and two times two concentrations immersion in AG 3 and NPX were used, while three strains of Bacillus spp were used as inoculants to enhance growth (CBTC1, CBCC57 and CBRF12). Germination increased with the treatment of 10 mg mL -1 of AG 3 ; meanwhile, the relative growth rate in height of the plants was significantly increased at 15 days after sowing, when inoculated with the strain of Bacillus spp CBRF12. We also found a significantly larger increase in root dry biomass at 30 days after planting, with the CBTC1 strain. In conclusion, the percentage of germination of A. hypogaeae increased with the addition of AG 3 . Also, the growth of the plant increased, albeit slightly, and other significantly only 1178 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.6 Núm. 6 14 de agosto -27 de septiembre, 2015Esaú Ruiz-Sánchez et al. hypogaeae incrementó con la adición de AG 3 . Por su parte, el crecimiento de la planta aumentó, aun...

2008. Effect of antagonistic minerals (Fe, S and Zn) on absorption and metabolism of Cu by sheep fed poultry waste. J. Appl. h i m . Res., 33: 121-125.To examine effects of feeding higher levels of minerals antagonistic to Cu (S, Fe and Zn) on productioll and digestibility of Cu of hair sheep fed a diet based on poultry waste (poultry manure) containing over 90 p p m Cu for 90 d, eight diets were fed to thirty-two male Pelibuey sheep. The diets contained each of the three minerals (Fe, S and Zn) at two levels, 647 mglkg, 0.3910 and 216 mglkg; versus 833 mglkg, 0.42% and 772 mglkg, respectively i n a 2 x 2~2 factorial design. Animal productivity as well as CU content of liver and kidney were not affected by the treatments, High levels of Fe reduced (P<0.05) Cu digestibility. The ceruloplasmin activity during the experiment also was reduced by the addition of S or Fe plus Zn. Results indicate that supplementation with S or Fe plus Zn may delay Cu intoxication of sheep consuming diets containing excess Cu.