African American adolescents' perceptions of racism and career self-efficacy relationships are examined. Participants in a southwestern urban high school completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Racism and Life ExperiencesScale-Personal and -Group, and career decision and career task self-efficacy scales. Results indicate that participants who perceived a higher degree of racism against their group reported significantly higher self-efficacy for career decision making but not for career task self-efficacy. An achieved ethnic identity, higher parental socioeconomic status, and being female were related to higher levels of career self-efficacy. The study's research design supports the need for research with ethnic identity, gender, and the use of multidimensional measurements to achieve a better understanding of racism and career selfefficacy with African American adolescents. Theoretical, research, and programmatic implications are discussed.
A diathesis-stress model of Hispanic college adjustment was tested to assess the relationship between cultural pride, social support, stress, and college adjustment. A total of 394 Mexican American and Latino American freshman and sophomore students responded to a survey (57% response rate). Results indicated that academic stress, social stress, and perceived availability of social support combined to account for 59% of the variance in college adjustment ratings. However, the diathesis-stress model was not supported because social support was not found to moderate the relationship between stress and adjustment.
Large-scale studies of the incidence and prevalence of psychological disorders have consistently shown that women meet full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; APA, 2000) criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) at twice the rate of men (Kessler et al., 1994; Kessler, Demler et al., 2005; Robins & Reiger, 1991). Some have proposed (Cochran & Rabinowitz, 2000; Kilmartin, 2005; Pollack, 1998, 2001) that the DSM–IV–TR diagnostic criteria do not adequately reflect the depressive symptoms of some men, specifically men who tend to use more externalizing defenses and distracting coping styles to manage negative affect. Furthermore, increased levels of anger and irritability are hypothesized to be primary forms of externalizing symptoms consistent with a masculine or acting-out variation of MDD (Kilmartin, 2005; Magovcevic & Addis, 2008). The purpose of this study was to examine how adherence to masculine gender-role norms and anger predict depressive symptoms in men. A multiple regression model was developed to examine how trait anger, expressed anger, and adherence to traditional masculine role norms predict depressive symptoms in a sample of male college students (N = 274). The overall regression model was found to moderately predict depressive symptoms. Trait anger also moderately predicted depressive symptoms in the male sample. Although it was expected that specific masculine role norms (e.g., self-reliance and emotional restriction) would also relate to depressive symptoms, no masculine role norms were associated with male students’ endorsement of depressive symptoms. Additional clinical implications, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are addressed.
The stigma of mental health problems between Mexican Americans and White non-Hispanic European Americans was investigated and measured by attitudes toward seeking help and the amount of social distance desired from individuals with mental health problems. The stigma of mental health has been identified as a barrier to accessing mental health services among Mexican Americans and men in general. Men from both groups access mental health services at a significantly lower rate than women from both groups. This study contributed to research and practice by examining the possible differences in the level of stigma toward mental health problems between Mexican Americans and White non-Hispanic European Americans. This study also explored the relationship between Mexican Americans' acculturation level as well as selected demographic variables and the stigma of mental health problems. There were no significant ethnic or gender differences in the level of stigma toward mental health between the two groups. However, there was a significant gender difference within the White non-Hispanic European American group. Results also indicated that there was no significant relationship between Mexican Americans' acculturation level and the amount of stigma toward mental health. However, there was a significant positive correlation between Mexican Americans' age and the amount of social distance desired from individuals with mental health problems. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge with my deepest gratitude, appreciation and love my wife, Traci Ann, for her support, encouragement and love throughout this difficult and challenging endeavor. I also wish to express my deepest gratitude, respect and appreciation to my dissertation advisor, Jesse N. Valdez, Ph.D., for his unwavering support, encouragement and mentorship throughout my graduate career. I am thankful for my dissertation committee, Cyndy McRae, Ph.D. and Bobbi Vollmer, Ph.D., for their guidance and patience throughout this process. Thank you to my research assistants for managing the dissemination and collection of data. Thank you to all of my participants who took time out of their own busy lives to help me in the progression of mine by completing my survey. Finally, I want to acknowledge and thank all the professors and administrative staff in the Morgridge College of Education at the University of Denver for providing me with excellent training and an incredible learning experience. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.
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